This book sheds new light on the history of exercise physiology and how it essentially grew, thanks to the work of a few major Schools. Analysing and interpreting the evolution of the field, the authors focus on the School of Milano, which was founded by Rodolfo Margaria and is one of the most prominent representatives, having played a central role in promoting and advancing this field of physiology.
In turn, the authors trace Margaria’s biography; under his influence, the school introduced new concepts with regard to both the energetics of muscular exercise and to human locomotion. These concepts were further developed by Margaria’s pupils and by subsequent generations. Indeed, the course that was set in Milano greatly influenced the entire history of modern physiology. Readers with a keen interest in the origins of modern concepts and technologies in exercise physiology will find this book a fascinating and informative read.
Author(s): Guido Ferretti
Series: Perspectives in Physiology
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 458
City: Cham
Foreword
References
Acknowledgements
Contents
Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Before Margaria: Mosso and Herlitzka
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Some Considerations on Natural Philosophy
1.3 The Transformation of Ancient Academies in Modern Universities
1.4 From Natural Philosophy to Physiology
1.5 An Instant Picture of Physiology in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century
1.6 Angelo Mosso and his Pupils
1.7 An Overview of Mosso´s Scientific Activity
1.8 Angelo Mosso on Altitude
1.9 Angelo Mosso and the Firefly
1.10 Angelo Mosso on Circulation
1.11 From Mosso to Herlitzka
1.12 Amedeo Herlitzka
1.13 Herlitzka´s Scientific Activity
1.14 Herlitzka on the Energetics of Muscular Contraction
References
Chapter 2: Margaria´s Revolution: A Novel Energetic View of Muscular Contraction
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Historical Notes
2.2.1 Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century
2.2.2 The Twentieth Century
2.2.3 Rodolfo Margaria
2.2.4 Margaria´s ``Revolution´´: The Alactic Oxygen Debt
2.3 The Energetics of Muscular Contraction: A View from Milano
2.3.1 The Thermodynamics of Muscle Contraction
2.3.2 Entropy and Efficiency of Biological Processes
2.3.3 Partial and Global Efficiencies: The ATP Cycle
2.3.4 Contraction Efficiency, Speed of Shortening, and ATP Concentration
2.4 Exercise at Maximal Power in Humans
2.5 Conclusions: Of Animals and Cars
Appendix: Margaria´s Tale of the ``Revolution´´ in Muscle Physiology in the 1930s
Some Historical Notes
References
Chapter 3: Margaria´s Concept of Oxygen Debt
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Metabolic Transients and Oxygen Debt ``Contraction´´ and ``Payment´´
3.2.1 Aerobic Exercise
3.2.2 Oxygen Consumption and Phosphocreatine Concentration at the Muscle Level: The P/O2 Ratio
3.2.3 Oxygen Stores, Early Lactate and the Overall Oxygen Deficit
3.2.4 Metabolic Transients: The Oxygen Debt ``Payment´´
3.2.5 The Control of Muscle Oxygen Consumption
3.2.6 The Slow Component
3.3 The Lactate Mechanism
3.3.1 Blood Lactate in Submaximal Exercises: The Anaerobic Threshold
3.3.2 The Energy Equivalent of Lactate
3.3.3 The Maximal Lactic Power
3.4 The Anaerobic Alactic Energy Sources
3.5 Conclusion: The General Equation of the Energetics of Muscular Exercise
Appendix
The Anaerobic Threshold
References
Chapter 4: Further Developments on Exercise Transients: Los Angeles Versus Milano
4.1 The Birth of a New Vision of Exercise Transients
4.2 The Coexistence of Two Opposing Visions
4.3 The Kinetics of Cardiac Output at Exercise Onset
4.4 The Oxygen Uptake Kinetics in Hypoxia
4.5 The Limits of Muscle Oxygen Consumption Kinetics
4.6 On the Correspondence Between Muscle Oxygen Consumption and Lung Oxygen Uptake Kinetics
4.7 The Effect of Priming Exercise
4.8 Further Reflexions on the Slow Component
4.9 The Problem of Gas Flow Analysis on a Breath-by-Breath Basis
4.10 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5: The Energetics and Biomechanics of Walking and Running
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Founders
5.3 Definitions and General Concepts
5.4 The Energy Cost of Walking and Running
5.4.1 The Effect of the Incline
5.4.2 Effects of the Terrain
5.4.3 Pathologies of Locomotion
5.4.4 The Effect of Body Mass and Age
5.5 The Biomechanics of Walking and Running
5.5.1 Definitions; Efficiency of Locomotion, Internal Work and External Work
5.5.2 Walking and Running on Earth
5.6 The Spontaneous Transition between Walking and Running
5.7 Sprint Running and the Role of Acceleration
5.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Cycling, Swimming and Other Forms of Locomotion on Land and in Water
6.1 Introduction
6.2 A Historical Note
6.3 Cycling
6.3.1 Mechanical Work and Energy Cost
6.3.2 Mechanical Efficiency
6.3.3 The Rolling Resistance
6.3.4 The Aerodynamic Resistance
6.3.5 Of Shape and Size
6.3.6 Cycling at Altitude
6.3.7 The ``One Hour Record´´ for Unaccompanied Cycling
6.3.8 Cycling Uphill or Downhill
6.3.9 Metabolic Power and Body Mass
6.4 Cross-Country Skiing
6.5 The Energetics of Locomotion in Water: Introductory Remarks
6.6 Energetics and Biomechanics of Swimming
6.6.1 Technical Skill
6.6.2 Swimming Style
6.6.3 Of Women and Men
6.6.4 The Biomechanics of Swimming: Drag and Efficiency
6.6.5 Propelling Efficiency
6.7 Energetics and Biomechanics of Assisted Locomotion in Water
6.7.1 The Energy Cost
6.7.2 The Hydrodynamic Resistance
6.7.3 Efficiency
6.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: Maximal Oxygen Consumption
7.1 The Early History of Maximal Oxygen Consumption
7.2 The Unifactorial Vision of Maximal Oxygen Consumption Limitation
7.3 The Oxygen Cascade and the Origin of Multifactorial Models
7.4 Introducing the Multifactorial Models
7.5 An Analysis of di Prampero´s Model
7.6 Experimental Testing of di Prampero´s Model
7.7 An Analysis of Wagner´s Model
7.8 Experimental Testing of Wagner´s Model
7.9 A Critical Comparison of the Multifactorial Models
7.10 Of Maximal Oxygen Consumption in Hypoxia
7.11 Of Maximal Oxygen Consumption at the End of Bed Rest
7.12 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8: Respiratory Mechanics
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Link of Respiratory Physiology to Muscle Energetics
8.3 Pressure, Volumes, and Mechanical Stability of the Alveoli
8.4 The Function of the Respiratory Muscles
8.5 The Pressure Surrounding the Lung: Pleural Space Mechanics, Fluid Dynamics, and Lubrication
8.6 Mechanism of Action of Pleural Lymphatics
8.7 The Effect of Gravity on the Respiratory Function
8.8 Underwater Respiratory Physiology
8.9 Mechanical Ventilation
8.10 Test of Pulmonary Function
8.10.1 The Efficiency of the Respiratory Action
8.10.2 Flow Limitation
References
Chapter 9: The Air-Blood Barrier
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Microvascular Fluid Exchanges in the Healthy Lung
9.3 Pathophysiology of Lung Edema
9.4 Diffusion-Transport of Oxygen in the Lung
9.4.1 Inter-Individual Differences in Air-Blood Barrier Phenotype
9.4.2 Modeling the Alveolar-Capillary Equilibration
9.4.3 Alveolar Phenotype and Proneness to Develop Lung Edema
9.5 Fetal and Neonatal Respiration Physiology
9.6 The Air-Blood Barrier as Interface
9.6.1 Pollutants and Respiratory Reflexes
9.6.2 Drug Delivery Via Nanoparticles
References
Chapter 10: A School Goes to Altitude
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The Kanjut-Sar Expedition
10.3 The Italian Expedition to Mount Everest
10.3.1 The Expedition
10.3.2 Paolo Cerretelli at the Expedition
10.3.3 Limiting Factors to Oxygen Transport on Mount Everest
10.3.4 Critique of a Paper
10.3.5 The Consequences of a Paper
10.4 Messner on Top of Mount Everest Without Oxygen Bottles
10.5 The Everest Pyramid
10.5.1 The Lactate Paradox
10.5.2 Effects of the Altitude History of Himalayan Ethnic Groups
10.5.3 The Links Between Energy Metabolism and Muscle Molecular Physiology
10.6 The Lung as a Gas Exchanger
10.7 Lung Fluid Balance from Normal to the Development of Edema
10.8 The Air-Blood Barrier
10.8.1 Inter-individual Differences in Air-Blood Barrier Phenotype
10.8.2 Comparing Lung Diffusion in Hypoxia and at Sea Level
10.8.3 Effect of Work and Hypoxia on Alveolar-Capillary Volume
10.8.4 Modeling the Alveolar-Capillary Equilibration
10.9 Lung Water Balance and Phenotype
10.10 Diffusion and Perfusion Limitation in the Air-Blood Barrier
10.11 Further Considerations on Limitation at Altitude
10.12 An Unsettled Scientific Controversy
10.13 The Harness Hang Syndrome
10.14 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11: A School Goes into Space
11.1 Introduction
11.2 A Short Summary of Space Exploration
11.3 The Early Studies
11.4 Walking on the Moon or on Other Celestial Bodies
11.5 The School of Milano Enters the Microgravity Game
11.6 Maximal Explosive Power in Microgravity
11.7 Cardiovascular Deconditioning
11.8 The Twin Bike System
11.9 Artificial Gravity on the Moon or Mars
11.10 Mechanical Efficiency and Internal Power During Cycling
11.11 Cardiovascular Response to Exercise on Outer Planets
11.12 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12: A School Goes into Depth
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Alveolar Gas Composition During Breath-Holding
12.3 The Korean Diving Women
12.4 The School of Milano Enters the Game
12.5 Gas Exchange and Energy Expenditure During Diving
12.6 The Concept of Diving Response
12.7 Respiratory Adaptation to Breath-Hold Diving
12.8 Of the Maximal Diving Depth
12.9 Lung Volumes of Elite Breath-Hold Divers
12.10 Dynamics of Cardiovascular Responses to Dry Breath-Holding
12.11 Conclusions: How Buffalo Influenced Milano
References
