Setting the standard for more than 30 years, Exercise Physiology has helped more than 350,000 students build a solid foundation in the scientific principles underlying modern exercise physiology. This Eighth Edition is updated with the latest research in the field to give you easy-to-understand, up-to-date coverage of how nutrition, energy transfer, and exercise training affect human performance.
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Author(s): William D. McArdle, Frank I. Katch, Victor L. Katch
Edition: 8
Publisher: LWW Wolters Kluwer Health
Year: 2014
Language: English
Tags: Exercise Physiology; Allied Health Services; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Sports Medicine
Cover
Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy, and Human Performance, EIGHTH EDITION
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Moving Forward
ORGANIZATION
FEATURES
NEW TO THE EIGHTH EDITION
ANCILLARIES: THE TOTAL TEACHINGPACKAGE
Acknowledgments
Contents
Introduction: A View of the Past
EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY: ROOTS AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
IN THE BEGINNING: ORIGINS OF EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY FROM ANCIENT GREECE TO AMERICAIN THE EARLY 1800s
RENAISSANCE PERIOD TONINETEENTH CENTURY
OTHER CONTRIBUTORS TO THE KNOWLEDGE BASE IN EXERCISEPHYSIOLOGY
THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON
CONTRIBUTIONS OF WOMEN TO SCIENCE AT THE DAWN OF THE20TH CENTURY
CONCLUDING COMMENT
PART ONE: Exercise Physiology
SECTION 1:Nutrition: The Base for Human Performance
OVERVIEW
CHAPTER 1:Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
PART 1: CARBOHYDRATES
KINDS ANDSOURCES OF CARBOHYDRATES
RECOMMENDED INTAKE OFCARBOHYDRATES
ROLE OF CARBOHYDRATES IN THEBODY
CARBOHYDRATE DYNAMICS DURINGPHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Summary
PART 2:LIPIDS
THENATURE OF LIPIDS
KINDS AND SOURCES OF LIPIDS
RECOMMENDED LIPIDINTAKE
ROLE OF LIPID IN THE BODY
FAT DYNAMICS DURING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Summary
PART 3:PROTEINS
THE NATUREOF PROTEINS
KINDS OF PROTEIN
RECOMMENDED PROTEININTAKE
PROTEIN’S ROLE IN THE BODY
DYNAMICSOF PROTEIN METABOLISM
NITROGENBALANCE
PROTEIN DYNAMICS DURINGPHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Summary
CHAPTER 2:Vitamins, Minerals, and Water
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
PART 1:VITAMINS
THE NATURE OFVITAMINS
KINDS OFVITAMINS
ROLE OFVITAMINS
DEFINING NUTRIENT NEEDS
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, FREE RADICALS,AND ANTIOXIDANTS
DOES VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION PROVIDE A COMPETITIVE EDGE?
Summary
PART 2:MINERALS
THE NATUREOF MINERALS
ROLE OF MINERALS IN THE BODY
CALCIUM
THE FEMALE ATHLETE TRIAD: AN UNEXPECTED PROBLEM FOR WOMENWHO TRAIN INTENSELY
PHOSPHORUS
MAGNESIUM
IRON
SODIUM, POTASSIUM, ANDCHLORINE
MINERALS AND EXERCISEPERFORMANCE
Summary
PART 3:water
THE BODY’S WATER CONTENT
WATER BALANCE: INTAKE VERSUS OUTPUT
WATER REQUIREMENT IN PHYSICALACTIVITY
Summary
CHAPTER 3: Optimal Nutrition for Physical Activity
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
NUTRIENT INTAKE AMONG THE PHYSICALLYACTIVE
THE ESSENTIALS OF GOOD NUTRITION
MYPLATE: THE HEALTHY EATING GUIDE
PHYSICALACTIVITY AND FOOD INTAKE
PRECOMPETITION MEAL
CARBOHYDRATE FEEDINGS PRIOR TO, DURING, AND IN RECOVERY FROM PHYSICALACTIVITY
GLUCOSE FEEDINGS, ELECTROLYTES, AND WATER UPTAKE
Summary
SECTION 2:Energy for Physical Activity
OVERVIEW
CHAPTER 4: Energy Value of Food
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
MEASUREMENT OF FOOD ENERGY
Summary
CHAPTER 5:Introduction to Energy Transfer
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
ENERGY—THE CAPACITYFOR WORK
INTERCONVERSIONS OF ENERGY
BIOLOGIC WORK IN HUMANS
ENZYMES AND COENZYMES ALTER THE RATE OFENERGY RELEASE
HYDROLYSIS AND CONDENSATION:THE BASIS FOR DIGESTION AND SYNTHESIS
Summary
CHAPTER 6:Energy Transfer in the Body
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
PART 1: PHOSPHATE BONDENERGY
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE: THE ENERGY CURRENCY
PHOSPHOCREATINE: THE ENERGY RESERVOIR
CELLULAR OXIDATION
OXYGEN’SROLE IN ENERGY METABOLISM
Summary
PART 2:ENERGY RELEASE FROM MACRONUTRIENTS
ENERGYRELEASE FROM CARBOHYDRATE
ENERGY RELEASE FROM FAT
ENERGY RELEASE FROM PROTEIN
THE METABOLIC MILL: INTERRELATIONSHIPS AMONG CARBOHYDRATE, FAT, AND PROTEINMETABOLISM
Summary
CHAPTER 7: Energy Transfer During Physical Activity
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
IMMEDIATE ENERGY: THE ATP –PCRSYSTEM
SHORT-TERM GLYCOLYTIC (LACTATE-FORMING) ENERGY SYSTEM
LONG-TERM ENERGY: THE AEROBICSYSTEM
ENERGYSPECTRUM OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
ENERGY SPECTRUM OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
OXYGENCONSUMPTION DURING RECOVERY
Summary
CHAPTER 8: Measurement of Human Energy Expenditure
MEASURING THE BODY’S HEATPRODUCTION
DOUBLY LABELED WATERTECHNIQUE
RESPIRATORYQUOTIENT
RESPIRATORY EXCHANGE RATIO (RER)
Summary
CHAPTER 9: Human Energy Expenditure During Rest and Physical Activity
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
PART 1: Energy Expenditureat Rest
BASAL AND RESTING METABOLICRATE
METABOLIC SIZE CONCEPT
METABOLIC RATES OF HUMANS: AGE AND GENDER COMPARISONS
FIVE FACTORS THAT AFFECT TOTAL DAILY ENERGY EXPENDITURE
Summary
PART 2: Energy Expenditure during Physical Activity
CLASSIFICATION OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES BY ENERGYEXPENDITURE
THE MET
DAILY RATES OF AVERAGE ENERGYEXPENDITURE
ENERGY COST OF HOUSEHOLD, INDUSTRIAL, AND RECREATIONALACTIVITIES
HEART RATE TO ESTIMATE ENERGYEXPENDITURE
Summary
CHAPTER 10:Energy Expenditure During Walking, Jogging, Running, and Swimming
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
GROSS VERSUS NET ENERGYEXPENDITURE
ECONOMY OF HUMANMOVEMENT
ENERGY EXPENDITURE DURINGWALKING
ENERGY EXPENDITURE DURINGRUNNING
Summary
CHAPTER 11:Individual Differences and Measurement of Energy Capacities
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
SPECIFICITY VERSUS GENERALITY OF METABOLIC CAPACITY ANDEXERCISE PERFORMANCE
OVERVIEW OF ENERGY-TRANSFER CAPACITYDURING EXERCISE
ANAEROBIC ENERGY TRANSFER: THE IMMEDIATE AND SHORT-TERMENERGY SYSTEMS
AEROBIC ENERGY: THE LONG-TERMENERGY SYSTEM
Summary
SECTION 3:Aerobic Systems of Energy Delivery and Utilization
OVERVIEW
CHAPTER 12: Pulmonary Structure and Function
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
SURFACEAREA AND GAS EXCHANGE
ANATOMY OFVENTILATION
MECHANICS OF VENTILATION
LUNG VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES
LUNG FUNCTION, AEROBIC FITNESS, AND PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE
PULMONARYVENTILATION
VARIATIONS FROM NORMAL BREATHINGPATTERNS
THE RESPIRATORY TRACT DURING COLD-WEATHER PHYSICALACTIVITY
CHAPTER 13:Gas Exchange and Transport
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
PART 1: GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN THE LUNGSAND TISSUES
CONCENTRATIONS AND PARTIAL PRESSURES OFRESPIRED GASES
GAS MOVEMENT IN AIR AND FLUIDS
GAS EXCHANGE IN THE LUNGSAND TISSUES
Summary
PART 2: OXYGENTRANSPORT
OXYGEN TRANSPORT IN BLOOD
Summary
PART 3: CARBON DIOXIDETRANSPORT
CARBON DIOXIDE TRANSPORTIN THE BLOOD
Summary
CHAPTER 14:Dynamics of Pulmonary Ventilation
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
PART 1: REGULATIONOF PULMONARY VENTILATION
VENTILATORYCONTROL
REGULATION OF VENTILATION DURING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Summary
PART 2: PULMONARY VENTILATION DURING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
VENTILATION AND ENERGY DEMANDS DURING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
ENERGY COST OF BREATHING
DOES VENTILATION LIMIT AEROBIC POWER AND ENDURANCEPERFORMANCE?
Summary
PART 3: ACID-BASEREGULATION
BUFFERING
PHYSIOLOGIC BUFFERS
EFFECTS OF INTENSE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Summary
CHAPTER 15:The Cardiovascular System
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMCOMPONENTS
HYPERTENSION
BLOOD PRESSURE RESPONSE TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
THE HEART’SBLOOD SUPPLY
MYOCARDIALMETABOLISM
Summary
CHAPTER 16:Cardiovascular Regulation and Integration
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
INTRINSIC REGULATION OFHEART RATE
EXTRINSIC REGULATION OF HEARTRATE AND CIRCULATION
DISTRIBUTION OF BLOOD
INTEGRATIVE RESPONSE DURING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AFTER CARDIACTRANSPLANTATION
Summary
CHAPTER 17:Functional Capacity of the Cardiovascular System
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
CARDIACOUTPUT
CARDIAC OUTPUT AT REST
CARDIAC OUTPUT DURING PHYSICALACTIVITY
CARDIAC OUTPUTDISTRIBUTION
CARDIAC OUTPUT AND OXYGENTRANSPORT
CARDIOVASCULAR ADJUSTMENTS TO UPPER-BODYEXERCISE
Summary
CHAPTER 18: Skeletal Muscle: Structure and Function
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
GROSS STRUCTURE OF SKELETALMUSCLE
SKELETAL MUSCLE ULTRASTRUCTURE
MUSCLE FIBER ALIGNMENT
ACTIN–MYOSINORIENTATION
CHEMICAL AND MECHANICAL EVENTS DURING MUSCLE ACTION AND RELAXATION
MUSCLE FIBER TYPE
GENES THATDEFINE SKELETAL MUSCLE PHENOTYPE
FIBER TYPE DIFFERENCES AMONGATHLETIC GROUPS
Summary
CHAPTER 19: Neural Control of Human Movement
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
NEUROMOTOR SYSTEMORGANIZATION
NERVE SUPPLY TO MUSCLE
MOTOR UNIT FUNCTIONALCHARACTERISTICS
RECEPTORS IN MUSCLES, JOINTS, AND TENDONS: THEPROPRIOCEPTORS
Summary
CHAPTER 20:The Endocrine System: Organization and Acute and Chronic Responses to Physical Activity
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM OVERVIEW
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ORGANIZATION
RESTING AND EXERCISE-INDUCEDENDOCRINE SECRETIONS
GONADAL HORMONES
EXERCISE TRAINING ANDENDOCRINE FUNCTION
RESISTANCE TRAININGAND ENDOCRINE FUNCTION
OPIOIDPEPTIDES AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, INFECTIOUS ILLNESS, CANCER , AND IMMUNERESPONSE
Summary
PART TWO: Applied Exercise Physiology
SECTION 4: Enhancement of Energy Transfer Capacity
OVERVIEW
CHAPTER 21: Training for Anaerobic and Aerobic Power
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
EXERCISE TRAINING PRINCIPLES
HOW EXERCISE TRAINING IMPACTSTHE ANAEROBIC SYSTEM
ANAEROBIC SYSTEM CHANGESWITH TRAINING
HOW TRAINING IMPACTS THEAEROBIC SYSTEM
FACTORS THAT AFFECT AEROBICTRAINING RESPONSES
HOW LONG BEFORE IMPROVEMENTSOCCUR?
MAINTAINING GAINS IN AEROBICFITNESS
TRAINING METHODS
OVERTRAINING: TOO MUCH OF A GOODTHING
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY DURINGPREGNANCY
Summary
CHAPTER 22: Muscular Strength: Training Muscles to Become Stronger
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
PART 1: STRENGTH MEASUREMENT AND RESISTANCETRAINING
MEASUREMENT OF MUSCLESTRENGTH
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN MUSCLESTRENGTH
TRAINING MUSCLES TO BECOMESTRONGER
Summary
PART 2:STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ADAPTATIONS TO RESISTANCE TRAINING
FACTORS THAT MODIFY THEEXPRESSION OF HUMAN STRENGTH
COMPARATIVE TRAININGRESPONSES IN MEN AND WOMEN
DETRAINING EFFECTS ON MUSCLE
METABOLIC STRESS OF RESISTANCETRAINING
CIRCUIT RESISTANCE TRAINING
MUSCLE SORENESS AND STIFFNESS
Summary
CHAPTER 23:Special Aids to Exercise Training and Performances
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
AN INCREASING CHALLENGETO FAIR COMPETITION
ON THE HORIZON
PART 1: PHARMACOLOGIC AGENTS FOR ERGOGENICEFFECTS
PART 2: NONPHARMACOLOGIC APPROACHES FORERGOGENIC EFFECTS
Summary
SECTION 5:Exercise Performance and Environmental Stress
OVERVIEW
CHAPTER 24: Physical Activity at Medium and High Altitude
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
THE STRESS OFALTITUDE
ACCLIMATIZATION
METABOLIC, PHYSIOLOGIC, AND EXERCISE CAPACITIES AT ALTITUDE
ALTITUDE TRAINING AND SEA-LEVEL PERFORMANCE
COMBINE ALTITUDE STAY WITH LOW-ALTITUDETRAINING
CHAPTER 25: Exercise and Thermal Stress
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
PART 1: MECHANISMS OF THERMO-REGULATION
THERMAL BALANCE
HYPOTHALAMIC TEMPERATUREREGULATION
THERMOREGULATION IN COLD STRESS: HEAT CONSERVATIONAND HEAT PRODUCTION
THERMOREGULATION IN HEATSTRESS: HEAT LOSS
EFFECTS OF CLOTHING ON THERMOREGULATION
PART 2: THERMO-REGULATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEAT STRESS DURING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN THEHEAT
MAINTAINING FLUID BALANCE: REHYDRATION AND HYPERHYDRATION
FACTORS THAT MODIFY HEATTOLERANCE
COMPLICATIONS FROM EXCESSIVEHEAT STRESS
Summary
PART 3: THERMO-REGULATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL COLD STRESS DURING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN THE COLD
COLD ACCLIMATIZATION
HOW COLD IS TOO COLD?
Summary
CHAPTER 26: Sport Diving
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
DIVING HISTORY—ANTIQUITYTO THE PRESENT
PRESSURE–VOLUME RELATIONSHIPSAND DIVING DEPTH
SNORKELING AND BREATH-HOLD DIVING
SCUBA DIVING
SPECIAL PROBLEMS WITH BREATHING GASES AT HIGHPRESSURES
DIVES TO EXCEPTIONAL DEPTHS:MIXED-GAS DIVING
ENERGY COST OF UNDERWATERSWIMMING
Summary
CHAPTER 27: Microgravity: The Last Frontier
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
THE WEIGHTLESS ENVIRONMENT
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF AEROSPACE PHYSIOLOGY ANDMEDICINE
MODERN ERA
MEDICAL EVALUATION FOR ASTRONAUT SELECTION
BONE
COUNTERMEASURE STRATEGIES
OVERVIEW OF PHYSIOLOGIC RESPONSES TO SPACEFLIGHT
NASA’S NEW VISION FOR THE FUTURE OF SPACEEXPLORATION
PRACTICAL BENEFITS FROM SPACEBIOLOGY RESEARCH
FINAL WORDS
Summary
SECTION 6: Body Composition, Energy Balance, and Weight Control
OVERVIEW
CHAPTER 28: Body Composition Assessment
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
OVERWEIGHT, OVERFATNESS, AND OBESITY: NO UNANIMITYFOR TERMINOLOGY
THE BODY MASS INDEX: A POPULAR CLINICAL STANDARD
COMPOSITION OF THE HUMAN BODY
COMMON TECHNIQUES TO ASSESSBODY COMPOSITION
AVERAGE PERCENTAGE BODY FAT
DETERMINING GOAL BODY WEIGHT
CHAPTER 29: Physique, Performance, and Physical Activity
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
PHYSIQUES OF CHAMPION ATHLETES
UPPER LIMIT FOR FAT-FREE BODYMASS
Summary
CHAPTER 30: Overweight, Overfatness (Obesity), and Weight Control
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
PART 1: OBESITY
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
OBESITY REMAINS A WORLDWIDEEPIDEMIC
INCREASED BODY FAT: A PROGRESSIVE LONG-TERM PROCESS
GENETICS INFLUENCES BODY FAT ACCUMULATION
PHYSICAL INACTIVITY: A CRUCIAL COMPONENT IN EXCESSIVE FAT ACCUMULATION
HEALTH RISKS OF EXCESSIVEBODY FAT
CRITERIA FOR EXCESSIVE BODY FAT:HOW FAT IS TOO FAT ?
Summary
PART 2:PRINCIPLES OF WEIGHT CONTROL: DIET AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
ENERGY BALANCE: INPUT VERSUSOUTPUT
DIETING FOR WEIGHT CONTROL
FACTORS THAT AFFECT WEIGHTLOSS
INCREASED PHYSICAL ACTIVITYFOR WEIGHT CONTROL
EFFECTIVENESS OF REGULAR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
WEIGHT LOSS RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WRESTLERS AND OTHER POWERATHLETES
GAINING WEIGHT: THE COMPETITIVE ATHLETE’S DILEMMA
Summary
SECTION 7: Exercise, Successful Aging, and Disease Prevention
OVERVIEW
CHAPTER 31: Physical Activity, Health, and Aging
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
THE GRAYING OF AMERICA
THE NEW GERONTOLOGY
PART 1: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN THE POPULATION
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY EPIDEMIOLOGY
Summary
PART 2: AGING AND PHYSIOLOGICFUNCTION
AGE TRENDS
TRAINABILITY AND AGE
Summary
PART 3: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, HEALTH, ANDLONGEVITY
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, HEALTH, AND LONGEVITY
REGULAR MODERATE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY PROVIDES SIGNIFICANT BENEFITS
Summary
PART 4: CORONARY HEARTDISEASE
CHANGES ON THE CELLULAR LEVEL
CORONARY HEART DISEASE RISK FACTORS
Summary
CHAPTER 32: Clinical Exercise Physiology for Cancer, Cardiovascular, and Pulmonary Rehabilitation
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
THE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGIST INTHE CLINICAL SETTING
TRAINING AND CERTIFICATION PROGRAMS FOR PROFESSIONALEXERCISE PHYSIOLOGISTS
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY TO DIVERSEDISEASES AND DISORDERS
ONCOLOGY
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
ASSESSING CARDIACDISEASE
STRESS TEST PROTOCOLS
PRESCRIBING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND EXERCISE
CARDIAC REHABILITATION
PULMONARY DISEASES
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND ASTHMA
NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES, DISABILITIES, ANDDISORDERS
RENAL DISEASE
COGNITIVE/EMOTIONAL DISEASES AND DISORDERS
Summary
SECTION 8: On the Horizon
OVERVIEW
CHAPTER 33: Molecular Biology:A New Vista for Exercise Physiology
HISTORICAL TOUR OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
REVOLUTION IN THE BIOLOGIC SCIENCES
THE HUMAN GENOME
NUCLEIC ACIDS
HOW DNA REPLICATES
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: TRANSCRIPTION ANDTRANSLATION
MUTATIONS
NEW HORIZONS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
HUMAN PERFORMANCE RESEARCH
SHAPING THE FUTURE
Index
