The third book in the bestselling "Artech House EW 100" series is dedicated entirely to the practical aspects of electronic warfare against enemy communication. Like its predecessors, EW 103 presents a series of highly informative and easy-to-comprehend tutorials, along with insightful introductory and connective material that helps practitioners understand how each aspect fits together. From communications math, receiving systems, and signals, to communications emitter location, intercept, and jamming, this comprehensive volume covers all the key topics in the field.This title includes CD-ROM and Slide Rule! The CD-ROM contains time-saving formulas in spreadsheet format for the calculation of propagation losses, received signal strength, effective range, jamming to signal ratio and other important values. The book also comes packaged with a unique antenna and propagation slide rule for quick communication link calculations.
Author(s): David L. Adamy
Edition: 1 Har/Cdr
Year: 2009
Language: English
Pages: 330
EW 103 Tactical Battlefield Communications Electronic Warfare......Page 2
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 14
1.1 Nature of Communications......Page 16
1.2 Frequency Ranges......Page 17
1.3 Roadmap to the Book......Page 18
1.4 dB Math......Page 19
1.4.2 Conversion to and from dB Form......Page 20
1.4.3 Converting to dB Using a Slide Rule......Page 22
1.4.4 Absolute Values in dB Form......Page 23
1.4.5 dB Equations......Page 24
2.1 Analog Modulations......Page 28
2.2.1 Transmission of Analog or Digital Information......Page 31
2.2.2 Digitization......Page 32
2.2.3 Digital RF Modulations......Page 34
2.2.4 Bandwidth of Digital Signals......Page 38
2.2.5 Digital Signal Structure......Page 41
2.3 Noise......Page 42
2.4 LPI Signals......Page 45
2.4.1 Pseudo-Random Codes......Page 48
2.4.2 Frequency Hopping Signals......Page 51
2.4.3 Chirp Signals......Page 56
2.4.4 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Signals......Page 58
2.4.5 Combined Technique LPI Signals......Page 62
2.4.6 Cell Phone Signals......Page 64
2.5 Error-Correction Codes......Page 66
3.1 Antenna Parameters......Page 70
3.1.1 Types of Antennas......Page 71
3.1.2 General Characteristics of Various Types of Antennas......Page 72
3.3 The Antenna Beam......Page 74
3.5 Polarization......Page 77
3.6 Phased Arrays......Page 78
3.6.1 Phased Array Beamwidth and Gain......Page 80
3.7 Parabolic Dish Antennas......Page 81
4.1 Types of Receivers......Page 90
4.1.1 Pulse Receivers......Page 91
4.1.2 Superheterodyne Receiver......Page 94
4.1.3 Tuned Radio Frequency Receiver......Page 96
4.1.5 Channelized Receiver......Page 97
4.1.7 Compressive Receiver......Page 99
4.1.8 The Digital Receiver......Page 101
4.2 Digitization......Page 103
4.2.3 Digitizing Techniques......Page 104
4.3 Digitized Signal Quality Issues......Page 106
4.3.1 Chip Detection......Page 107
4.3.2 Catching a Frequency Hopping Signal......Page 108
4.4 Receiver System Sensitivity......Page 110
4.4.1 kTB......Page 112
4.4.2 Noise Figure......Page 113
4.4.3 Required Predetection Signal-to-Noise Ratio......Page 114
4.5 Receiver System Dynamic Range......Page 120
4.5.1 Analog Versus Digital Dynamic Range......Page 121
4.5.2 Analog Receiver Dynamic Range......Page 122
4.5.3 Digital Dynamic Range......Page 125
4.6 Typical Receiver System Configurations......Page 126
4.6.1 Multiple Receiver Reconnaissance and Electronic Support Systems......Page 127
4.6.2 Multiple Receiver Systems......Page 128
4.6.3 Remote Receiving Systems......Page 131
5.2 The One-Way Link Equation......Page 134
5.3 Propagation Losses......Page 138
5.4 Line-of-Sight Propagation......Page 139
5.5 Two-Ray Propagation......Page 144
5.6 Fresnel Zone......Page 149
5.7 Knife-Edge Diffraction......Page 152
5.8.1 Atmospheric Loss......Page 155
5.9 HF Propagation......Page 158
5.10 Satellite Links......Page 162
6 Search for Communication Emitters......Page 168
6.2.2 Directed Search......Page 169
6.2.4 A Useful Search Tool......Page 170
6.2.5 Practical Considerations Affecting Search......Page 171
6.3 System Configurations......Page 173
6.3.1 Types of Receivers Used for Search......Page 175
6.3.2 Digitally Tuned Receiver......Page 176
6.3.4 Frequency Measuring Receivers......Page 178
6.3.5 Energy Detection Receivers......Page 179
6.4 The Signal Environment......Page 182
6.4.1 Angular Coverage......Page 183
6.4.3 Sensitivity......Page 184
6.5 Radio Horizon......Page 185
6.6 Search for Low Probability of Intercept Signals......Page 189
6.6.2 Frequency Hoppers......Page 190
6.6.4 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Signal......Page 192
6.7 Look Through......Page 193
6.9.1 Narrowband Search......Page 196
6.9.2 Hand-Off from Wideband Receiver......Page 199
6.9.3 Search with a Digital Receiver......Page 200
7.1 Emitter Location Approaches......Page 202
7.1.1 Triangulation......Page 203
7.1.2 Single-Site Location......Page 204
7.1.4 Other Location Approaches......Page 206
7.2.1 RMS Error......Page 208
7.2.2 Circular Error Probable and Elliptical Error Probable......Page 210
7.2.3 Calibration......Page 212
7.3 Site Location and North Reference......Page 213
7.4.1 Watson-Watt Direction Finding Technique......Page 218
7.4.2 Doppler Direction-Finding Technique......Page 219
7.5 High Accuracy Techniques......Page 221
7.5.1 Single Baseline Interferometer......Page 222
7.5.2 Multiple Baseline Precision Interferometer......Page 226
7.6 Precision Emitter Location......Page 227
7.6.1 Time Difference of Arrival Method......Page 229
7.6.2 Precision Emitter Location by Frequency Difference of Arrival......Page 233
7.6.3 Combined FDOA and TDOA......Page 236
7.7.1 Combination of Error Elements......Page 237
7.8 Locating Spread Spectrum Emitters......Page 239
7.8.1 Locating Frequency Hoppers......Page 240
7.8.2 Chirp Emitters......Page 246
7.8.4 Precision Emitter Location Techniques Against LPI Emitters......Page 247
8 Intercept of Communications Signals......Page 250
8.1 The Intercept Link......Page 251
8.1.1 Intercept of a Directional Transmission......Page 252
8.1.2 Intercept of a Nondirectional Transmission......Page 253
8.1.3 Airborne Intercept System......Page 256
8.1.4 Nonline-of-Sight Intercept......Page 257
8.2 Intercept of Weak Signal in Strong Signal Environment......Page 259
8.3.1 Intercept of Frequency Hoppers......Page 260
8.3.2 Intercept of Chirped Signals......Page 261
8.3.3 Intercept of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Signals......Page 262
9 Communications Jamming......Page 266
9.1 Jammer-to-Signal Ratio......Page 267
9.1.2 Stand-In Jamming......Page 269
9.2 Digital Versus Analog Signals......Page 270
9.3 Jamming Spread Spectrum Signals......Page 273
9.3.1 Partial Band Jamming......Page 274
9.3.2 Jamming Frequency Hop Signals......Page 277
9.3.4 Jamming Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Signals......Page 282
9.3.5 Jamming of Combined Mode Spread Spectrum Signals......Page 284
9.4.1 Jamming Cell Phones......Page 285
9.4.2 Jam the Uplink......Page 286
9.4.3 Jam the Downlink......Page 287
Appendix A Problems with Solutions......Page 290
Appendix B Bibliography......Page 322
Appendix C Using the Included CD......Page 326
About the Author......Page 332
Index......Page 334
