Evolving Toolbox for Complex Project Management

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1 Introduction to the Evolving Toolbox
References
Chapter 2 Case Studies Toolset
Background
Historical Perspective and Relevance
Review and Analysis of Toolset
Case Study Outline
Project Management Life Cycle
Zachman Framework
EPM Profiler
PMA Profiler
The Enneagram
Soft Projects Methodology
CAPM Methodology
Application Example
Case Study Elements
Background
Context
Relevant Definitions
Pertaining Theories
Existing Practices
“As Is” Project Description
“To Be” Project Description
Purpose
History
Then Current Situation
Known Problems
Mission and Desired or Expected Capabilities
Transformation Needed and Why
Challenges
Anticipated
Actual
Development
Results
Transformation Accomplished
Final System Description
Analysis
Analytical Findings
Lessons Learned
How Were the Biggest Challenges Met?
What Worked and Why?
What Did Not Work and Why?
What Should Have Been Done Differently?
Conclusions
The Big Dig
Questions
Summary
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 3 Scheduling Toolset
Introduction
The Seven Periods of Project Scheduling
Pre-20th Century: The Formation of Visualization Tools
Early 20th Century: The Emergence of Gantt Charts
1950s: The Era of Network Diagramming
1960s: Formation of Project Scheduling under Resource Constraints
1970s: A System Approach to Project Management
1980s: Project Scheduling under Uncertainty
1990s–Present: The Era of Optimization
The Future of Project Scheduling
Questions for Discussion
Summary
References
Chapter 4 Cost Estimation Toolset
Complex Project Management and Cost Estimation
Cost Estimation Approaches
State of the Practice
Cost Modeling Suite
Systems Engineering Cost Model Development
Cost Modeling Objectives
Systems Engineering and Industry Standards
Anatomy of a Cost Model
Case Study Using COSYSMO
Comparison between COCOMO II and COSYSMO
Discussion Questions
Summary
Endnote
References
Chapter 5 Human Factors Toolset
Background
Human Factors Toolset
Managing Yourself
Self-Awareness: Data Inputs
Personality Profile Assessments
Behavioural Style Assessments
Thinking Style Assessments
Talent Assessments
Health: Stress and Coping
Questions to Consider
Managing Others
Team Assessments: Understanding the Team
Team Assessments: Managing the Health of the Team
Diversity and Inclusion
Emotions as Drivers
Grow People Selflessly
Geographical Dispersion
Questions to Consider
Ethical Decision-Making
Questions to Consider
Human Factors Tools Index
Summary
References
Chapter 6 Leadership Toolset
A Quick Look Back
What Is a CPE?
The XLQ Model
The Devil Is in the Details
Why Leadership Is Critically Important in the 21st Century
What about the Future?
Conclusion
Questions to Ponder
References
Chapter 7 Systemic Negotiation and Conflict Resolution Toolset
Introduction
Conventional (Deterministic) Approaches to Negotiations
Complex Systems and Their Characteristics
Characteristics of a Complex Problem
Negotiations in Complex Project Contexts
Systemic Negotiation Tools
Leverage Points
Rules – Incentives, Punishments, Constraints
Examples of Rules
Self-Organization – The Power to Add, Change or Evolve System Structure
Example of Self-Organization
Goals – The Purpose or Function of the System
Examples of Goals Might Include
Soft Systems Methodology (SSM)
SSM and the Case Study
Recognition of the Part Played by Emotions in Conflict Negotiation
Emotional Intelligence
Emotional Intelligence and Systemic Negotiations
Summary
Questions for Discussion
Activity
Methodology
Understand Boundaries of the Analysed System
Data Collection Unique to the Case Study
Team Design
Prepare for Negotiations
Implement Negotiation Strategy
Regular Reporting and Auditing
Report
References
Chapter 8 Organization and Systems Theory Toolset
Introduction
What Kind of Projects
Complexity in Projects: Background and Relevance
Characterizing Complexity in Projects
Structural Complexity
Socio-Political Complexity
Uncertainty
Novel Approaches to Organize Complexity
Network Analysis
Systems Dynamics
Modularity
Product modularity (What?)
Process modularity (How?)
Organizational modularity (Who?)
Antifragility
Mindfulness
Questions for Discussion
Summary and Concluding Notes
Acknowledgments
Endnote
References
Chapter 9 Enterprise Governance Toolset
Background
Governance Challenges for Complex Projects
Problem Domain for Complex Projects
Governance Challenges for Project Practitioners
Complex System (Enterprise/Project) Governance
Contributing Fields
The CSG Paradigm
Deficiencies in Performance of CSG
Utility and Implications for Intervention to Improve System Governance
Three Application Scenarios and Support Tools Demonstration for CSG Aiding Deployment of CSG
SCENARIO 1: Workforce Capacity for Systems Thinking
SCENARIO 2: System (Project) Governance Pathologies Exploration
SCENARIO 3: System (Project) Governance Development
Additional Tools to Support Application of CSG for Complex Projects
Questions for Discussion
Conclusion: Considerations for Project Practitioners Deploying CSG
References
Chapter 10 Critical Success Factors and Climate Toolset
Introduction
Literature Review
Critical Success Factors
Large-Scale Complex Projects
Method
Search String
Theme Identification
Results
Overview of Relevant Peer-Reviewed Publications
CSF Categories
Discussion
Country Differences
CSF Categories
Open Communication
Project Planning and Control
Clearly Defined Goals, Mission, and Priorities
Project Manager and Project Team Competency
Top-Management Support
Stakeholder Satisfaction
Other Categories
Project Management Tools
Communication Tools
Project Planning and Control Tools
Stakeholder Satisfaction Tool
Discussion Questions
Conclusions and Future Research
Endnote
References
Chapter 11 Pattern Identification and Management Toolset
Background
Alexander’s Patterns
The Spread of the Patterns Gospel
Describing a Pattern
Patterns Are Not Invented
The Problem with Patterns
Challenges to Using Patterns
Tools for Finding Patterns
The Project Schedule
Patterns for Project Management
Scheduling Patterns
Theory of Constraints Pattern
Budgeting Patterns
Project Communications Patterns
Resource Management Patterns
Risk Management Patterns
Project Execution Patterns
Project Management Anti-Patterns
Related Concepts
Questions for Discussion
Challenges and Conclusions
Other Sources for Patterns that May Be Helpful
Endnotes
References
Chapter 12 Policy Management Toolset
Background
Corporate Culture
Policies across the Organization: The Good and the Bad
Failures in Policy Management
Governance, Risk Management and Compliance (GRC)
Governance
Risk Management
Compliance
GRC Benefits and Costs
The Roles Played on the GRC Functions
Importance of GRC Implementation
Reputation Management
Measuring Customer–Client Management and Authority
General Data Protection Regulation
Historical Perspective
Management’s Three Eras: Executive, Expertise and Empathy
Relevance to Complex Project Management
Current Practical Tools and Obtaining Tools
Example to Application of Complex Project Management
Classroom Questions
Conclusion
References
Chapter 13 Legal Aspects Toolset
Contractual Arrangements
Design–Bid–Build
Design–Build or EPC
BOT, BOOT or PPP
Construction Management
Strategic Alliances
Roles and Responsibilities
The Contractor
The Design Professional (Engineer)
The Design Professional’s Responsibilities to the Owner
The Design Professional’s Responsibilities to the Contractor
The Owner
Site Availability
Owner-Supplied Materials
Design Responsibility
Approvals
Method of Execution
Owner-Supplied Facilities
Quantities
Change/Variation Orders
Superior Knowledge
Dispute Management
Defining Dispute Management
Typical Causes of Claims and Disputes
Planning for Disputes and Avoidance of Disputes
Communicate Roles within the Owner Organization
Encourage Partnering
Discuss Scheduling and Time Extension Requirements
Review the Schedule of Values
Designate an On-Site Owner Representative
Review and Respond to All Contractor Letters
Prepare a Project Management Plan
Use Standard Forms
Agree upon Timeframe for RFI Responses and Submittal Reviews
Utilize Project Photography
Do Not Use RFI Responses to Correct Errors or Redesign Project
Do Not Object to Written Notices
Pay Promptly
Review and Evaluate Change Order Requests
Deal with Delay and Impact Damages
Review All Time Extension Requests and Time Impact Analyses
Hold Regular Project Progress Meetings
Allot Time during Progress Meetings for Contractor Needs
Require Major Subcontractor Participation in Meetings
Promptly Circulate Meeting Minutes to All Participants
Create Daily Reports from the Owner
Monitor Contractor’s Production
Prepare and Issue Deficiency Reports
Carefully Review Monthly Payment Requests
Implement a Clearly Regimented Change Control Process
Establish a Mechanism to Promptly Pay for Changes
Settle All Changes in Full and Final Language
Advise Contractors of Significant Changes As Early As Possible
Minimize Design Changes during Execution
Establish a Project Risk Management System
Consult with Legal Counsel Concerning Liquidated Damages
Advise Senior Management and Legal Counsel of Potential Breaches of Contract
Submittals of Short Interval Schedules
Enforce Scheduling and Time Extension Requirements
Establish a Protocol for Delay and Disruption Events
Document and Discuss Conflicts, Errors or Omissions in Contractor Submittals
Recognize the Importance of Scheduling
Alternative Dispute Resolution
Project Neutral
Owner Review Board
Dispute Resolution Boards
Mediation
Fact-Based Mediation
Judicial Dispute Resolution
Questions for Discussions
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 14 Intellectual Property Toolset
Background
Types of Intellectual Property
National Nature of IP Laws
Four Types of IP Protection
Trademarks
Patents
Copyright
Trade Secrets
Development of Basic Principles and Tools of IP Protection
Development of Modern IP Legal Structures
The Questions of Liability—Relevance of Intellectual Property to Complex Project Management
Other Practical Tips and Tools
Registeration of Project’s Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights
Some IP Rights Arise Automatically by Action of Law without Registration, But Make Sure to Register Anyway
IP Ownership Issues
Trade Secrets Are Not Registrable
Patents versus Trade Secrets
Non-Disclosure Agreements and IP-Related Contracts
Coming Up with Protectable and Strong Trademarks
Genericide Warning
Proper Use of Trademarks
Policing for IP Infringement
Customs and Border Protection Agencies – A Tool Against International IP Infringement
Trademark Search
Patent Searching
Copyright Registration
International Aspects of Copyright Registration
Trademark Registration
Maintaining National Trademark Registration
International Trademark Filing
Patent Application Preparation and Filing
Patent Maintenance
International Patent Protection
Questions
Conclusion
References
Chapter 15 Systems Thinking Toolset
Background
Introduction
The Importance of Systems Thinking
Overview of Systems Thinking
Hard Systems Thinking
Soft Systems Thinking
Defining Systems Thinking
Purpose of Systems Thinking
Application of Systems Thinking
Systems Thinking Principles
Systems Thinking Approach
Define the As-Is Situation to Understand the Problem and Its Causes
Define and Understand the To-Be Solution That Will Address the Problem
Implement the To-Be Solution
Relevance of Systems Thinking for Management of Complex Projects
Systems and Complexity
Evidence of Application of Systems Thinking in Projects
Developing an Organisational Systems Thinking Capability
Review of Selected Practical Tools for Systems Thinking
Rich Picture
Soft Systems Methodology
Concept Map
Actor Map
Fishbone Diagram
Trend Maps
Causal Loop Modelling
Stock and Flow Diagrams
PERT Chart and Gantt Chart
Mapping Systems Thinking Principles and Tools across the Project Life Cycle
Example of Application of Tools to Complex Project Management
Background
Project Approach
Check (Define the As-Is to Understand the Problem and Its Causes)
Plan (Define and Understand the To-Be to Redesign the System to Resolve the Problems)
Do (Implement the Solution)
Benefits Realised
Questions for the Classroom
Conclusion
References
Chapter 16 Test and Evaluation Toolset
Introduction
T&E Fundamental Characteristics and Their Evolution
Timeliness
Rigour and Efficiency
Independence and User Acceptance
Testing Complicated and Complex Systems
Interconnectedness and System-of-Systems
Cybersecurity T&E
Autonomy and AI
Complex Systems Governance as an Assurance Strategy Alternative to T&E
Questions for Discussion
Conclusion and Future Developments
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 17 Advanced Visualization Toolset
Background
Introduction
Project Management Complexity
Complex Project Management and Systems Thinking
Project Management and Complexity Thinking
Visualization in Complex Project Management
Knowledge Visualization
Sensemaking and Knowledge Visualization
Interactive Data and Knowledge Visualization
Implications for Project Leadership Skill Development
Discussion Questions
Summary
References
Chapter 18 Social Network Analysis Toolset
Introduction and Background
Brief History of Social Network Analysis
Relevance of SNA to Complex PM
Data Collection for SNA
Whole Network Approach
Egocentric Network Approach
Sample Case Study 1: Theory and Application of SNs in Project Team Engagement Analysis
Demographic and SN Data Collection
SN Measures: Betweenness Centrality and Ego Density
Stakeholder Assessment Measure: Interest and Influence
Results: PM Model versus the Networks Model for Stakeholder Identification and Engagement Analysis
Sample Case Study 2: Using SNA as a Visual Evaluation Tool
Study Design
Tools and Technologies for SNA in Project Work
Classroom Discussion Questions and Activities
Questions
Conclusion
References
Chapter 19 Modeling and Simulation Toolset
Introduction
Modeling and Simulation
Simulations in Project Management
A Case Study: A Mechanism of a Project Disruption
Overview of Key Modeling Techniques
System Dynamics
Agent-Based Modeling
Discrete Event Simulation
Combined Approach: Key Challenges and Advantages
Questions
Conclusion Simulations: Why Bother?
Endnotes
Further Reading
References
Chapter 20 Adaptability, Agility, and Resilience Toolset
Introduction
Adaptability
Resilience
Agility
Relationships among Adaptability, Resilience, and Agility
Methods and Tools for Design and Management of Adaptability, Resilience, and Agility
Design Principles
Trade Space Studies
Network Analysis Studies
Computational Intelligence and Other Methods
Quality Function Deployment
Technical Debt
Summary
Discussion Questions
References
Chapter 21 Cyber-Systemic Toolset
The Challenge of the Great Transformation21 from the Old World to a New World
The Map and Model of Growth, of Creative Destruction and of Evolutionary Innovation
Navigating into the Unknown by Systematically Misleading Signals
Radical New Governance Thinking: From the Mechanistic Management to Cyber- Systemic Management of Complexity
Digitization and Cyber-Systemic Management Are Twins
Organizations as Living Organism
The Two Laws of Properly Using Complexity
Big Change with Syntegration Technology—Complex Project and Stakeholder Management
What Is Syntegration?
What the Syntegration Methodology Accomplishes
Sample Applications
Independent from the Content of a Challenge
A Superior Solution Methodology for Complex Challenges
Simultaneous Effect on Several Levels
Solutions on the Management, Governance and Leadership Level
How Does the Syntegration Work?
Procedural Sequence
Implementation of Solutions
The Sensitivity Modeling Technology for Understanding and Managing Complex Systems
Modeling a Project as a Cybernetic System Finding the Variables
Discovering the Invisible Cybernetics of a Strategy Project to Transform a Company
Master Controls and Control Circuits
Sensitivity Impact and Risk Map
Cyber-Systemic Governance and Management
Questions for Discussion
Conclusion
References
Chapter 22 Systemic Risk Toolset: Another Dimension
Why Does Systemic Risk Matter?
Modelling Systemic Risk
Comparing Systemic Risk Approaches with the Traditional Paradigm
Existing Risk Tools for Systemic Risk Analysis
Project Risk Register
Bow Ties
Fishbone Diagrams
Bayesian Networks
System Dynamics
Hindcasting
Cynefin
An Illustration of a Particular Technique’s Contribution to Systemic Risk Modelling
Example: Understanding Risks for Energy
Questions for Discussion
Summary
Appendix A: Guidelines for Mapping Using a Manual Process
Appendix B: Mapping Guidelines Adapted from Ackermann et al. (2005)
References
Chapter 23 Systemic Innovation Toolset
Background: The Holy Grail of Systemic Innovation—Challenges and Opportunities
Framework for Project Management for Systemic Innovation
Framework for Project Management for Systemic Innovation
Positioning Systemic Innovation in the Body of Knowledge
Complex Project Management of Systemic Innovations
Towards the Holy Grail of Systemic Innovation—Methods and Tools
The Methods and Tools in the Toolset of Systemic Innovation
Pacing
T-Shaped Presentations
Divergence–Convergence
Co-Creation Session for Ideation
Illustrative ConOps
A3 Architecture Overview
Concept Evaluation Using Pugh Matrix
Planning for Integration
Questions Related to the Toolset for Discussion to Be Used in the Classroom
Summary and Future Challenges
References
Index