Evidence-based Functional Foods for Prevention of Age-related Diseases

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1: Cellular Aging: An Introduction, Principle, Hallmarks, and Aging-Associated Diseases
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Aging
1.2 Principles of Aging
1.2.1 Cellular and Metabolic Aging
1.3 Hallmarks of Aging
1.3.1 Primary Hallmarks
1.3.1.1 Genomic Instability
1.3.1.2 Telomere Attribution
1.3.1.3 Epigenetic Alteration
1.3.1.4 Loss of Proteostasis
1.3.2 Antagonistic Hallmarks
1.3.2.1 Deregulated Nutrient Sensing
1.3.2.2 Mitochondrial Dysfunction
1.3.2.3 Cellular Senescence
1.3.3 Integrative Hallmarks
1.3.3.1 Stem Cell Exhaustion
1.3.3.2 Altered Intercellular Communication
1.4 Oxidative Stress
1.5 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
1.6 Molecular Mechanism of Cellular Aging
1.6.1 Apoptosis
1.6.2 Autophagy
1.6.3 Inflammation
1.7 Aging-Associated Diseases
1.7.1 Cardiovascular Disease
1.7.2 Cancer
1.7.3 Osteoarthritis
1.7.4 Diabetes Mellitus
1.7.5 Osteoporosis
1.7.6 Dementia
1.7.7 Alzheimer’s Disease
1.8 Alternative Treatment Strategies for Aging Associated Diseases
1.8.1 Vitamin C
1.8.2 Quercetin
1.8.3 Rutin
1.8.4 Curcumin
1.8.5 Resveratrol
1.9 Discussion
1.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Anti-oxidant and Anti-ageing Mechanism of Bioactive Compounds in Modulating the Ageing-Related Epigenetic Factors
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Cellular Senescence
2.1.2 Epigenetics and Ageing
2.1.2.1 DNA Methylation and Ageing
2.1.2.2 Histone Modifications and Ageing
2.1.2.3 Non-coding RNA and Ageing
2.2 Oxidative Stress-Induced Ageing
2.3 Ageing-Related Diseases (ARDs)
2.3.1 Neurodegenerative Diseases
2.3.2 Cardiovascular Disease
2.3.3 Musculoskeletal Disorders
2.4 Modern Therapies Related to Ageing
2.5 Currently Proposed Treatments Involving Bioactive Compounds in Age-Related Disorders
2.5.1 Rhodiola rosea
2.5.1.1 Effects of Rhodiola on Ageing-Related Diseases
2.5.2 Curcumin
2.5.2.1 Effects of Curcumin on Ageing-Related Diseases
2.5.3 Quercetin
2.5.3.1 Effects of Quercetin on Ageing-Related Diseases
2.6 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Chapter 3: Diet-Gene Interactions that Regulate Longevity and Diseases
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Dietary Composition and Aging (for More Details, Refer to Chaps. 10 and 12)
3.2.1 Carbohydrates
3.2.2 Lipids
3.2.3 Amino Acids
3.2.4 Vitamins
3.2.5 Minerals
3.3 Diet-Gene Interactions Modulating Aging and Disease in Model Organisms
3.3.1 Serine Threonine Kinase Gene (flr-4)
3.3.2 Nuclear Hormone Receptor Gene (nhr-114)
3.3.3 S-Adenosyl Methionine (SAM)-Dependent Methyltransferase Gene (rips-1)
3.3.4 Kinesin Motor Protein (osm-3) and Neuromedin U Receptor (nmur-1) Genes
3.3.5 Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 2 Subunit (RICTOR) Gene (rict-1)
3.3.6 Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Gene (alh-6)
3.3.7 Enoyl-CoA Hydratase Gene (ech-6)
3.3.8 Mitochondrial Ribosomal Protein Gene (mrpl-2)
3.3.9 NAD+ -Dependent Deacetylase Gene (Sirt6)
3.3.10 Myocyte Enhancer Factor Gene (Mef2)
3.3.11 Putative Glucose Transporter Gene (CG4607)
3.3.12 Neuropeptide CCHamide-2 Receptor Gene (CCHa2R)
3.3.13 ATP Synthase Subunit Gene (ATPsynD)
3.3.14 RNA-Binding Protein Split Ends Gene (Spen)
3.3.15 Pyridox(am)ine 5-Phosphate Oxidase Gene (PNPO)
3.3.16 Genes Associated with Age-Related Macular Degeneration
3.4 Diet-Gene Interactions in Human Aging and Associated Diseases
3.4.1 TCF7L2 and IRS1 in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus
3.4.2 APOE and ATP7B in Alzheimer’s Disease
3.4.3 APOA5 and ZPR1 in Cardiovascular Diseases
3.4.4 Methyltetrahydrofolate Reductase Gene (MTHFR)
3.4.5 Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNFA)
3.4.6 Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated Gene (FTO)
3.4.7 Glutathione S-Transferase Mu Gene (GSTM1)
3.4.8 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A Reductase Gene (HMGCR)
3.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Antioxidants and Ageing
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Physiological Process of Ageing
4.2.1 Gastrointestinal Tract
4.2.2 Telomere Shortening
4.2.3 Changes in Cardiovascular System
4.2.4 Renal Changes
4.2.5 Change in BMR
4.2.6 Carbohydrates and Fat Metabolism
4.3 Antioxidants
4.4 Classifications, Locations and Functions
4.5 Enzymatic Antioxidants
4.6 Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)
4.7 GSH and Glutathione Reductase
4.8 Catalase
4.9 Non-enzymatic Antioxidants
4.9.1 Vitamin E
4.9.2 Uric Acid
4.9.3 Carotenoids and Flavonoids
4.9.4 Vitamin C
4.10 Foods Containing Antioxidants
4.11 Antioxidants and Their Sources
4.11.1 Guava
4.11.2 Spinach
4.11.3 Dates
4.11.4 Turmeric
4.11.5 Walnuts
4.11.6 Green Tea
4.11.7 Antioxidant Activity of Fresh Fruits
4.12 Mechanism of Antioxidants and Ageing
4.13 Antioxidant Defence System
4.14 Selenium
4.15 The Mechanism for Disposal of Free Radicals
4.16 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5: Nutrition and the Ageing Brain
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Gut Microbiota-Brain Axis, Nutrition and Ageing
5.3 Inflammation, Nutrition and Ageing
5.4 Individual Dietary Components
5.4.1 Dietary Polyphenols
5.4.2 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
5.4.3 Vitamins
5.5 Dietary Patterns and the Ageing Brain
5.5.1 The Mediterranean Diet
5.5.2 DASH
5.5.3 MIND
5.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Ageing Brain
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Brain and Age-Related Disorders
6.2.1 Structure, Functions and Brain Maintenance
6.2.2 Ageing and Brain Functions
6.2.3 Brain Dysfunctions and Their Causalities
6.3 Oxidative Stress and Ageing Brain
6.3.1 Brain and Protection of Oxidative Stress
6.3.2 Factors Promoting Oxidative Stress in the Brain
6.3.3 Mechanism of Oxidative Stress in Ageing Brain
6.4 Lipids and Their Importance in the Brain
6.4.1 Fatty Acids and Their Requirement in the Brain Structure
6.4.2 Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids and Brain Development
6.4.3 Omega-3 Deficiency and Brain Development
6.5 Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Neuroinflammation and Ageing Brain
6.5.1 Ageing and Brain Inflammation
6.5.2 Neuroinflammation and Brain Disorders
6.5.3 Omega-3 and Neuroinflammation
6.6 Epigenetics, Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Ageing Brain
6.6.1 MicroRNA and Brain Functions
6.6.2 DNA Methylation and Ageing
6.6.3 Omega-3 Fatty Acid and Its Epigenetic Regulation in the Brain
6.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Traditional Foods and Ageing
7.1 Traditional Milk-Based Foods
References
Chapter 8: Macronutrients and Their Roles in Aging
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Macro Nutritional Requirement and Aging Process
8.3 Dietary Carbohydrates and Aging
8.4 Role of Protein Diet in Aging
8.5 Contribution of Fat (Lipids) on Aging
8.6 Caloric Restriction and Macronutrients vs. Aging
8.7 Macronutrient Components for Longevity
8.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Micronutrient Status Among Adults in the Asia Pacific and Potential Impact on Age-Related Diseases
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Diet, Health and Ageing in the Asia-Pacific Region
9.3 Nutrition Gap Analysis
9.4 Assessment of Nutritional Gap in Asia-Pacific Countries
9.5 The Role of Nutrition in Health Ageing in Asia
9.5.1 Osteoporosis
9.5.2 Cardiovascular Disease
9.5.3 Dementia
9.5.4 Immunity
9.5.5 Vision
9.5.6 Cancer
9.6 Challenges to Achieving Optimal Micronutrient Intakes
9.6.1 Drug Interactions
9.6.2 Decreased Food Intake
9.7 Potential Approaches to Optimise Nutrient Intakes
9.7.1 Supplementation
9.7.2 Fortification Programmes
9.8 Discussion
9.9 Conclusions
Supplemental Data
The Method for Estimating sDistribution of Nutrient Intake
Validation of the Estimated Distribution in Each Nutrient from the National Health Nutrition Survey 2017 in Japan (Supplemental Tables 9.1 and 9.2)
Validation of the Estimated Prevalence of Inadequate Micronutrient Intake in Each Nutrient from the National Health Nutrition Survey 2017 in Japan (Supplemental Table 9.3)
References
Chapter 10: Gut Microbiome and Its Metabolites in Ageing
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Gut Microbiome Composition and Ageing
10.3 Mechanisms Involved in Gut Dysbiosis and Ageing: Role of Gut Microbial Metabolites
10.4 Changes in Gut Microbiome and Its Metabolites in Common Age-Associated Conditions
10.4.1 Cardiovascular Diseases
10.4.2 Diabetes
10.4.3 Neurodegenerative Diseases and Cognitive Impairment
10.4.4 Kidney Diseases
10.4.5 Liver Diseases
10.4.6 Cancer
10.4.7 Respiratory Diseases
10.4.8 Impaired Musculoskeletal Health
10.4.9 Poor Ocular Health
10.5 Targeting Gut Microbiome for Healthy Ageing
10.5.1 Probiotics
10.5.2 Prebiotics
10.5.3 Synbiotics
10.5.4 Other Strategies
10.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 11: Importance of Functional Foods Against Aging of Adult Stem Cells
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Different Functional Foods and Adult Stem Cell Aging
11.2.1 Fruits
11.2.2 Vegetables
11.2.3 Nuts
11.2.4 Seafood
11.2.5 Tea and Coffee
11.2.6 Fortified Dairy (Low Fat)
11.2.7 Eggs
11.3 Different Compounds of Functional Foods to Prevent Adult Stem Cell Aging
11.3.1 Carotenoids
11.3.2 Astaxanthin
11.3.3 Polyphenols and Isoflavones
11.3.3.1 Resveratrol
11.3.3.2 Apigenin
11.3.3.3 Luteolin
11.3.3.4 Quercetin
11.3.3.5 Hesperidin
11.3.3.6 Taxifolin
11.3.3.7 Catechin
11.3.3.8 Genistein
11.3.3.9 Daidzein
11.3.3.10 Anthocyanins
11.4 Molecular Biomarkers, Adult Stem Cell (ASC) Aging Process, and Functional Foods
11.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12: Advantages of Functional Foods in Supporting and Maintaining Hair and Skin Health
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Skin: Accessory Organs
12.2 Degeneration and Regeneration of Skin
12.2.1 Human Skin Cell Aging: An Overview
12.2.1.1 Cutaneous Aging
Intrinsic Aging
Extrinsic Aging
12.3 Nutraceuticals, Functional Foods, and Healthy Aging
12.4 Functional Foods and Their Active Ingredients with Antiaging Properties
12.5 Functional Food for Skin and Hair Regeneration
12.6 Regional Food and Skin Health
12.7 Gut Microbiome Modulations and Skin
12.8 Nanonutraceuticals and Good Health
12.8.1 Ethnic Foods to Combat Skin Aging
12.9 Rasayana Therapy and Healthy Aging
12.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Delineating the Role of Phytochemicals in Targeting Age-Related Cardiovascular Diseases Through the Lens of Network Medicine
13.1 Introduction
13.2 The Link Between Aging and CVD
13.3 Involvement of Longevity Genes and CVD
13.3.1 IGF-1
13.3.2 AMPK
13.3.3 Forkhead Transcription Factors (FOXOs)
13.3.4 SIR2
13.3.5 Target of Rapamycin (TOR)
13.4 Emerging Role of Network Medicine in the Treatment of Human Diseases: AGE-CVD
13.5 Phytochemicals in the Treatment of AGE-CVD
13.5.1 Resveratrol
13.5.1.1 Hypertension
13.5.1.2 Atherosclerosis and Dyslipidemia
13.5.1.3 Ischemic Heart Disease
13.5.1.4 Hypertrophy and Heart Failure
13.5.2 Sulforaphane and Anthocyanins
13.5.3 Curcumin
13.5.4 Berberine
13.5.5 Epigallocatechin Gallate: EGCG
13.5.6 Quercetin
13.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Plant-Derived Natural Products Targeting Multiple Pathways as Potential Therapeutics in the Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Parkinson’s Disease
14.3 Phytochemicals
14.4 Flavonoids
14.4.1 Neuroprotective Effects of Flavonoids
14.4.1.1 Anti-inflammatory Properties
14.4.1.2 Antioxidant Properties
14.4.1.3 Antiapoptotic Properties
14.4.2 Neuroprotective Effects of Flavonoids on PD
14.5 Summary and Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Aging in Indian Women: Health Status
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Theoretical Consideration and Earlier Research
15.3 Materials and Methods
15.3.1 Patterns in Acute Morbidity
15.4 Background Characteristics of the Elderly Widows
15.5 Factors Influencing Elderly Widows Suffering from Any Acute Morbidity
15.6 Chronic Morbidity
15.7 Patterns in Chronic Morbidity
15.8 Factors Influencing the Chronic Morbidity Conditions Among Elderly Widows
15.9 Conclusion, Discussion, and Implication
References
Web Sources
Chapter 16: Energy Restriction on Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in Aging
16.1 Energy Restriction: Definition and Characteristics
16.1.1 Energy Restriction (ER) and Cancer and Diseases
16.1.2 Energy Restriction, Reproduction, and Tissues
16.1.3 Energy Restriction and Stem Cells
16.1.4 Energy Restriction and Programmed Cell Death
16.1.5 Obesity, Energy Restriction, and Aging
16.2 The Effect of Energy Restriction on Metabolism and Its Relationship with Aging
16.2.1 Association of Energy Restriction with Endocrine Glands, Growth Hormone, Insulin-Like Hormone, and Diabetes
16.2.2 The Effect of Energy Restriction on the Nervous System and Its Relationship with Aging
16.3 Cellular Senescence, Energy Restriction, and Aging
16.3.1 Cellular Senescence Modulator: Energy Restriction
16.3.2 Cellular Senescence Biomarkers
16.3.2.1 Oxidative Stress
16.3.2.2 Tumor Suppressing and Cell Cycle Arrest
16.3.2.3 The SASP Regulatory Signaling Pathways
16.4 Aging Genomics and Energy Restriction
16.4.1 Multi-omics for the Discovery of Aging Biomarkers
16.4.2 Aging Epigenomics
16.4.3 Aging Gene Expression
16.4.4 Telomere-Based Biomarkers
16.4.5 Transcriptional Regulation
16.4.6 miRNAs-, lncRNAs-, and circRNAs-Based Biomarkers
16.4.7 Nuclear Trafficking and Organization
16.4.8 Protein Translation
16.4.9 Autophagy
16.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases
17.3 Functional Food and Neurodegeneration
17.4 Effective Functional Food for Alzheimer’s Disease
17.5 Effective Functional Food for Parkinson’s Disease
17.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 18: Preventive Role of Nutraceutical Agents Against Aging
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Vegetables and Fruits
18.3 Nuts
18.4 Beverages
18.5 Aging-Accelerating Foods
18.6 Individual Food Antioxidants and Aging
18.7 Adaptogens
18.8 Ginkgo biloba
18.9 Ginseng Panax
18.10 Glycyrrhiza glabra
18.11 Curcuma longa
18.12 Emblica officinalis
18.13 Bacopa monnieri
18.14 Polyphenols
18.15 Apple
18.16 Blueberry Extract
18.17 Theaflavins and Catechins from Tea
18.18 Anthocyanins in Black Rice
18.19 Carotenoids
18.20 Conclusion
References