This book reviews the implications of the new European standard for cements. It explains the conformance criteria for Portland-type cement on current concrete specification, production and site practices. It brings together contributions from leading experts involved with the drafting and implementation of ENV 197 and will facilitate discussion on its application. In addition to coverage of the technical aspects of the common Portland cements, the emerging European specification for 'special' cements will be discussed. The availability and requirements for different cement types will be reviewed. The book is derived from a seminar held at the University of Dundee in September 1994. It will be essential reading for those closely involved in the technical/commercial market for cement in the UK and in Europe.
Author(s): Ravindra Dhir
Edition: 1
Publisher: Spon Press
Year: 1994
Language: English
Pages: 230
Tags: Промышленное и гражданское строительство;Строительные конструкции;Железобетонные и каменные конструкции;
Book Cover......Page 1
Half-Title......Page 2
Title......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
PREFACE......Page 7
CONTENTS......Page 8
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 10
1 Introduction......Page 11
2.3 Harmonised European Standard, hEN......Page 12
3 Background to European Standardisation......Page 13
4.1 Cements......Page 17
4.2 Additions......Page 18
5 References......Page 20
1 Introduction......Page 21
3 The scope of ENV 197–1:1992......Page 22
5 Permitted constituents......Page 23
6 Cement types......Page 24
7 Cement strengths......Page 26
8 Cement physical and chemical requirements......Page 27
9 ENV 197–1 and British Cement Standards......Page 28
10 Conclusions......Page 29
References......Page 30
1. Introduction......Page 31
2. Masonry cements ENV 413–1/BS 5224......Page 32
3.1 Specification of sulfate-resisting cement by composition......Page 33
3.2 Test methods for sulfate-resistance......Page 34
4.2 Semi-adiabatic calorimetry......Page 35
5. Hydraulic binders for road bases ENV 197-xx......Page 36
7. Cement resistant to freezing and thawing......Page 37
7.1 Scandinavian Slab test......Page 38
7.3 CDF test......Page 39
8.2 Development of a carbonation performance test for cements......Page 41
11. References......Page 42
1 Introduction......Page 43
2 Background to the revision of BS12 to permit a mac......Page 44
3.2 BS 12 1991......Page 45
4.1 Granulated slag and fly ash......Page 46
4.2.1 Properties of fresh cement paste and concrete......Page 47
4.2.3 Discussion of results......Page 48
5 Practical benefits of mac option......Page 49
6 Example of mac usage to control cement properties......Page 51
8 References......Page 59
1 Introduction......Page 61
3 Permitted Additions......Page 62
3.3 Fly Ash......Page 63
3.3.1 Siliceous Fly Ash......Page 65
3.3.2 Calcareous Fly Ash......Page 66
3.7 Limestone......Page 67
4.1 Fly Ash Additions......Page 68
4.3 Blended Fly Ash Cement to ENV 197......Page 69
4.5 Silica Fume Additions......Page 72
References......Page 73
1 Introduction......Page 74
2.2 ‘Key’ performance tests......Page 75
2.4 Conformity......Page 76
3.1.1 Introduction......Page 77
3.1.2 Test methods; description of EN 196–1 compressive strength......Page 78
3.1.4.1 Precision......Page 79
3.1.4.2 Proficiency testing......Page 80
3.1.5.2 Characteristic and limit value conformity criteria......Page 81
3.2.1 Test methods; description of EN 196–3 provisions......Page 82
3.2.2 Limiting criteria—initial setting time and soundness......Page 83
3.3.2.2 Air permeability method—Blaine, secondary standard method......Page 84
4.1.1 Introduction......Page 85
4.1.2 Chemical test methods—LOI, IR, SO3, Cl and pozzolanicity......Page 86
4.2.1 Introduction......Page 87
4.2.2 ENV 196–4—Quantitative determination of constituents of cement......Page 89
4.3.1 Alkali content [Sodium oxide (Na20) and potassium oxide (K20)]......Page 91
4.2.2 Reactive calcium oxide......Page 92
4.5.1 Introduction......Page 93
4.5.3 Clay content......Page 94
4.5.4 Total organic carbon (TOC) content......Page 95
References......Page 96
Annex 1......Page 97
1 Introduction......Page 101
2.2 Choice of attestation procedure......Page 103
3.1 Development......Page 104
3.2.1 Factory production control......Page 105
3.2.2 Autocontrol and audit testing......Page 106
3.3.1 Intermediaries and Dispatching Centres......Page 107
References......Page 108
1 Introduction......Page 113
2 Experimental......Page 115
2.1 Concrete mixes......Page 116
2.3 Compressive strength tests......Page 117
2.4 Oxygen permeability tests......Page 118
2.6 Carbonation tests......Page 120
2.7 Sulphate resistance tests......Page 121
2.8 Chloride penetration and rebar corrosion in marine-exposed specimens......Page 122
3.1 Compressive strength......Page 125
3.2 Oxygen permeability......Page 126
3.3 Freeze-thaw......Page 127
3.5.1 Dependence upon C3A content......Page 128
3.5.3 Effect of 5% limestone additions......Page 131
3.5.4 Performance of pfa cements......Page 132
3.5.5 Thaumasite formation......Page 135
3.8 Rebar corrosion in outdoor/sheltered exposed specimens......Page 140
3.9 General......Page 142
4. Conclusions......Page 144
5 Acknowledgements......Page 145
6 References......Page 146
1.1 The ‘Chloride’ Problem......Page 147
1.3 Euro-Cements, Euro-Standards and Codes of Practice......Page 148
2.1 Effect of Fly Ash Content......Page 149
2.3 Effect of Exposure Temperature......Page 150
2.5 Effect on Corrosion......Page 152
2.6 Implications for Specifiers......Page 153
3 Effect of Fly Ash on Carbonation......Page 154
4 Effect of Granulated Blastfurnace Slag on Chloride Ingress......Page 155
4.2 Effect of Curing/Exposure Environment......Page 156
5.1 Effect of GBS Content......Page 157
5.3 Influence of Design Strength......Page 159
6. Effect of Silica Fume on Chloride Ingress......Page 160
7. Effect of Silica Fume on Carbonation......Page 161
8 Summary......Page 162
References......Page 164
THE DURABILITY OF SRPC/GGBS CONCRETES IN AGGRESSIVE SULPHATE, ACIDIC AND MARINE ENVIRONMENTS......Page 166
2.1 Materials......Page 167
2.2 Concrete mixtures......Page 168
3.2 Marine and soft acid water site tests......Page 170
4.1 Performance and durability......Page 171
4.3 Resistance to sulphate attack......Page 173
4.4 Acid-water resistance......Page 175
5 Conclusions......Page 176
8 References......Page 178
1 Introduction......Page 180
2 Autocontrol testing......Page 181
3.2.1 Principles......Page 182
3.2.2 Means of assessment......Page 183
3.2.2.1 Assessment by variables (prEN 197–1:1994 cl 9.2.2 a))......Page 184
3.2.2.2 Assessment by attributes (prEN 197–1:1994 cl 9.2.2 b))......Page 186
3.3 Limit value conformity criteria (prEN 197–1:1994 cl 9.2.3)......Page 187
5 Cement constituents (prEN 197–1:1994 cl 9.3.3)......Page 188
7 References......Page 189
QUANTIFYING CEMENT CONTENT IN FRESH AND HARDENED CONCRETE......Page 190
2.1 Analysis of fresh concrete......Page 191
3 Range of composition of cements to EN 197......Page 192
4.2 Establishing compliance criteria......Page 196
4.3 Implications of the range of compositions of EN(V) 197–1 cements on accurate quantification using the RAM......Page 198
5.2 Establishing compliance criteria—chemical analysis......Page 199
5.3.2 U.K. situation; known cement type, known aggregates and analysis at age up to 28 days......Page 201
5.3.3 U.K. situation; cement of unknown type......Page 204
5.3.4 Pan-European situation; known cement type (other than those of subclause 5.3.2), known aggregates and analysis at age up to 28 days......Page 205
6.1 Analysis of fresh concrete—alternatives......Page 206
6.2.2 Cement of an unknown type......Page 207
7 References......Page 208
1. Introduction......Page 210
2. Current and future availability of cement types......Page 211
3. Cement properties and their relevance to users......Page 212
5. Non-standard testing of cement......Page 213
5.2 Physical methods......Page 214
5.3 Heat of hydration......Page 215
5.4 Performance in normal concrete......Page 216
5.5 Cement reactivity with secondary materials......Page 217
6. Advanced and early warning of changes in cement performance.......Page 218
7. References......Page 219
1 Introduction......Page 220
2 Equivalent combinations......Page 221
3 Control of concrete production......Page 223
4.3 Additives......Page 225
4.5 Strength sub-class......Page 226
5 Performance orientated cement standard......Page 227
7 References......Page 228
SUBJECT INDEX......Page 229
