Etiopathogenic Theories and Models in Depression

Preface
Contents
Part I: Epistemology, Epidemiology, Psychopathology and History of Depression
Chapter 1: The Study of Depression in the Frame of the New Research Paradigm in Psychiatry
1.1 Introduction. Toward an Integrated Research Paradigm for Psychiatry
1.2 Depression Is a Highly Prevalent and Heterogeneous Condition
1.3 Historical and Clinical Considerations About Depression
1.3.1 Affective Temperaments
1.4 Depression as a Common Disorder: Depression and General Health
1.5 DSM in the Spotlight
1.6 The Heterogeneity of Depression
1.7 The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Enters the Scene
1.8 Depression as Part of a Complex System
1.9 Challenges in the Study of Depression
1.9.1 The Transdiagnostic Interactive Dynamic Model
1.9.2 From “Vulnerability” to “Differential Sensibility”
1.9.3 The Stress-Reward-Mentalizing Model of Depression
1.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Psychopathology of Depression in the Spectrum of Mood Disorders
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Nosological Issues
2.2.1 Background
2.2.2 The Bipolar/Manic Depressive Spectrum (MDS)
2.2.3 Mood and Psychomotor Activity
2.3 MDD Mood Spectrum
2.3.1 Neurotic Depression
2.3.2 Melancholic Depression
2.3.3 Mixed Depression
2.3.4 Pure or Simple Depression
2.4 Final
References
Chapter 3: Epidemiology of Depression: Burden of Disease, Trends, and the Contributions of Social Epidemiology to the Study of Its Causes
3.1 Burden of Disease Due to Depression
3.1.1 Introduction
3.1.2 Prevalence of Depressive Disorders in the General Population
3.1.3 Sociodemographic Correlates of Depressive Disorders
3.1.4 Incidence of Depressive Episodes in the General Population
3.1.5 Burden of Disease Due to Depressive Disorders
3.2 Negative Effects of Depression on the Life of People and Their Communities
3.2.1 Physical Diseases and Excess Mortality
3.2.2 Difficulties in the Performance of Social Roles
3.2.3 Parental Role Functioning
3.2.4 Occupational Role Functioning and Productivity
3.2.5 Costs of Depression
3.3 Has the Number of Cases of Depression Increased Over Time?
3.4 Social Determinants of Depression
3.4.1 Conceptual History. The Social Determinants of Health
3.4.2 What Do We Know About the Social Determinants of Health in Depression?
References
Chapter 4: Idioms of Depression in Contemporary Individualistic Societies: The United States and Chile
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Depression and Individualism: Beyond the Scientific and Political Perspective
4.3 The Loss of Self-Confidence: The American Way of Depression
4.4 The Chilean Depression: The Malaise of Popular Disarray
4.5 Conclusion: The Social Coherence of Depressions
References
Part II: Etiopathogenic Theories and Models
Chapter 5: Contemporary Psychodynamic Theories on Depression
5.1 Introduction: Chronic Depression and Trauma: Signatures of Our Time? Some Societal, Conceptual, and Methodological Considerations
5.2 Some Basic Lines of a Psychoanalytic Understanding of Depression
5.2.1 Depression as a Reaction to Loss, Guilt, and Reparation
5.2.2 Narcissistic and Psychotic Depression
5.2.3 Integrative Models of Depression
5.3 Depression and Trauma: Some Interdisciplinary Findings
5.3.1 Depression and Embodied Memories of Trauma
5.3.2 Trauma, Depression, and Memory Consolidation
5.4 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 6: Theory and Interventions in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Depression: A pleomorphic and Complex Diagnosis
6.3 Etiopathogenesis of Depression
6.3.1 Experimental Models
6.3.2 Clinical Models
6.3.2.1 Behavioral Conceptualizations
6.3.2.2 Cognitive Conceptualizations
6.3.2.3 Contextual Conceptualizations
6.4 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Depression
6.4.1 Empirical Status of CBT
6.5 Mechanisms and Moderators of Therapy Change
6.6 Discussion
6.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: Genetic and Epigenetic Determinants of Depression: From Basic Research to Translational Medicine
7.1 Genetics of Major Depressive Disorder
7.2 Epigenetics of Major Depressive Disorder
7.2.1 DNA Methylation
7.2.2 Histone Modifications
7.2.3 Small Noncoding RNAs
7.3 Concluding Remarks: The Role of Translational Medicine
References
Chapter 8: Neurobiology of Depression
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Monoamine Hypothesis
8.3 The Diathesis-Stress Model
8.4 The Inflammatory Model of Depression
8.5 Reduced Neurogenesis and Neuroplasticity
8.6 Biological Basis of Depression: An Integrated View
8.7 The Heterogeneity of Major Depression
References
Chapter 9: A Dimensional and Dynamic Approach to the Neurobiology of Mood Disorders: On Intermediate Phenotypes and Their Interaction with Early Stress
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Intermediate Phenotypes as a Strategy for Describing the Neurobiology of Mood Disorders
9.3 Gene-Environment Interaction Models and Intermediate Phenotypes in Depression
9.4 Cognitive Functioning as an Intermediate Phenotype and the Omission of Early Stress in Patients with Bipolar Disorder
9.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 10: Psychophysiology and Psychoneuroendocrinology of Stress and Reward in Depression
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The Functional Hierarchy of the Nervous System
10.3 The Lateralization of the Motivational Systems in the Brain
10.4 Self-Regulation of Emotion and Its Relation with Psychopathology
10.5 Sensitivity to Stress and Differential Susceptibility to Reward
10.5.1 Stress
10.5.1.1 Psychophysiology of Stress
10.5.1.2 Psychoneuroendocrinology of Stress
10.5.2 Reward, Reward Sensitivity, and Reward Processing
10.5.2.1 Psychophysiology of Reward Processing
10.5.2.2 Psychoneuroendocrinology of Reward
10.6 Depression in the Context of Developmental Psychopathology
10.6.1 Developmental Pathways of Stress Sensitivity
10.6.2 Developmental Pathways of Reward Sensitivity
10.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Depression and (Expert) Culture: Psychiatric, Regulatory and Moral Frameworks Underpinning the Absence of Depression in Occupational Health in Chile
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Depression and Psychiatric ‘Ecologies of Expertise’
11.3 The Absence of Depression in Occupational Psychiatric Practice in Chile
11.4 Occupational Psychiatry, Workers’ Insurances and Medicolegal Views on Occupational Disorders in Chile
11.5 Depression as Having an Internal Origin: Questions of Accountability
11.6 Depression as Too Severe to Be an Occupational Disease: Moral Evaluations of the Worker and the Workplace
11.7 Discussion
References
Chapter 12: Poverty, Social Inequity, and Depression
12.1 Poverty and Depression
12.1.1 Epidemiologic Findings
12.1.2 Causation and Mechanisms
12.2 Social Inequity and Depression
12.3 Intersectionality, Syndemics, and Discrimination
12.4 Longitudinal Data from Indigenous and Non-indigenous Individuals in Chile
12.4.1 Methods
12.4.2 Results
12.4.3 Discussion
12.5 Implications for Interventions
References
Part III: Evolution and Development as an Integrating Framework
Chapter 13: An Integrative Developmental Psychopathology Approach to Depression
13.1 Introduction
13.2 The Stress System
13.3 The Reward System
13.4 The Mentalizing System
13.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 14: Depression and Personality Dysfunction: Moving from Descriptive Comorbidity to the Identification of Common Intermediate Phenotypes
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Phenotypic Variability in Depression: Theoretical Heterogeneity
14.3 Phenotypic Variability in Depression: Instrumental Heterogeneity
14.4 Phenotypic Variability in Depression: Empirical Heterogeneity
14.5 Intermediate Phenotypes as a Way to Parse Out Symptomatic Heterogeneity of Depression
14.6 Domains of Personality Functioning Are Intermediate Phenotypes for Depression
14.7 When Depression Is Complicated by Dysfunction in Intermediate Phenotypes Representing Personality Vulnerabilities
14.8 Longitudinal Course in Depression and in Personality Dysfunction
14.9 The Issue of Differential Response in MDD and BPD to Antidepressant Pharmacological Interventions
14.10 Is There a Specific Phenotype of Depression in Borderline Dysfunction?
14.11 Discussion
References
Chapter 15: Gender and Depression: Women, Transgender, and Gender Nonconforming Depression
15.1 Women and Depression
15.1.1 Life Cycle Prevalence
15.1.2 Symptomatic Profile
15.1.2.1 Subtypes of Depression
15.1.3 Possible Explanations for the Gender Gap in Depression
15.1.3.1 Artifact Hypotheses
15.1.3.2 Individual Vulnerability or Diathesis
15.2 Gender Diversity and Depression
References
Part IV: Clinical Practice as a Meeting Place for Etiopathogenic Models
Chapter 16: Models in Depression and Clinical Judgment, or How to Use Different Etiopathogenic Models with a Particular Patient
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Clinical Guidelines and Evidence-Based Medicine
16.2.1 General Recommendations for the Diagnosis of Depression
16.2.2 Clinical Practice Guidelines and Diagnostic Classification Systems
16.2.3 Reception of Clinical Guidelines by Mental Health Professionals
16.2.4 Clinical Practice Guidelines for Depression Treatment at the Primary Care Level
16.3 Diagnostic Classifications and Etiopathogenic Theories of Depression
16.4 Clinical Judgment: The Process Linking Diagnosis to the Etiology of Depression
16.5 Case Formulation
16.6 Conclusion: Towards a Staggered Depression Diagnostic Process
References
Index