Ethylene in Plant Biology

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1 Ethylene Implication in Root Development
1.1 Ethylene and Its Role in Overall Plant Development
1.2 Ethylene Response Pathway in Plants
1.3 Root Development in Plants
1.3.1 Organization of Plant Root Systems
1.3.2 Factors Controlling Root Development
1.4 Ethylene-Mediated Regulation of Root Development
1.4.1 Ethylene and Primary Root Growth
1.4.2 Ethylene and Lateral Root Development
1.4.3 Ethylene and Root Hair Development
1.4.4 Ethylene and Tropic Responses of RSA
1.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 2 Crosstalk of Ethylene and Other Phytohormones in the Regulation of Plant Development
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Ethylene in the Regulation of Plant Development
2.3 Ethylene Crosstalk with Other Hormones During Plant Development
2.3.1 Ethylene and Auxin
2.3.2 Ethylene and Gibberellic Acid
2.3.3 Ethylene and Cytokinin
2.3.4 Ethylene and Abscisic Acid
2.3.5 Ethylene and Salicylic Acid
2.3.6 Ethylene and Jasmonic Acid
2.3.7 Ethylene and Brassinosteroids
2.3.8 Ethylene and Strigolactones
2.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Ethylene and Regulation of Metabolites in Plants
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Importance of Metabolites in Plants
3.3 Influence of Ethylene on the Regulation of Plant Metabolites
3.3.1 Influence on Primary Metabolites
3.3.2 Influence on Secondary Metabolites
3.3.3 Terpenoids
3.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Ethylene as a Multitasking Regulator of Abscission Processes
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Ethylene as a Signal for Separation in Abscising Organs
4.2.1 Promotion of Organ Abscission
4.2.2 Developmentally Timed Abscission
4.2.3 Organ Separation Triggered by Exogenous Factors
4.3 Ethylene Function in the Abscission Zone
4.3.1 Abscission Zone
4.3.2 Ethylene as a Stimulator of Abscission Zone Activity
4.3.3 Cell Wall Reorganization
4.3.4 Modifications of Redox Balance and Lipid Homeostasis
4.3.5 Spatial Diversity of Processes Occurring in the Abscission Zone
4.4 Ethylene and Hormonal Co-Workers
4.4.1 Abscisic Acid
4.4.2 Auxins
4.4.3 Jasmonates, Gibberellins, and Other Signaling Compounds
4.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 5 Ethylene: : A Powerful Coordinator of Drought Responses
5.1 Drought as a Limiting Factor for Plant Growth and Development
5.2 Roots First Encounters Drought Stress
5.3 The Response of Aboveground Parts to Water Deficits in Soil
5.4 The ET-Dependent Mechanism that Plants Utilize to Cope with the Effects of Drought
5.5 Ethylene Interactions with Other Hormones in Drought Responses
5.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 6 Current Understanding of Ethylene and Fruit Ripening
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Ethylene and Fruit Ripening
6.3 Ethylene Biosynthesis in Fruits
6.3.1 ACC Synthase
6.3.2 ACC Oxidase in Fruits
6.4 Ethylene Perception and Signaling
6.5 Altered Ethylene Perception Impairs Fruit Ripening
6.6 Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation of Fruit Ripening
6.7 Ripening-Related Promoters
6.8 Genetic Manipulation of Fruit Ripening
6.9 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 7 Ethylene and ROS Crosstalk in Plant Developmental Processes
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Ethylene Acts as a Plant Hormone in Gaseous Form
7.1.2 ROS/AOS as a Signal Transduction Molecule: An Overview
7.2 ET Releases Seeds, Breaks Bud Dormancy, and Promotes Germination
7.2.1 Interaction of Ehylene and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Seed and Bud Dormancy Release and Germination
7.3 Ethylene Regulates Cell Division and Cell Elongation
7.3.1 Ethylene Regulates Cell Division
7.3.2 Ethylene and Cell Elongation
7.4 Ethylene and Apical Hook Development
7.5 Ethylene and Hypocotyl Growth
7.6 Ethylene and Root Growth Development
7.7 Ethylene in Leaf Growth and Development
7.8 Ethylene Induces Epinasty and Hyponasty
7.9 Ethylene and Flower Development
7.10 Ethylene Promotes the Ripening of Some Fruits
7.11 Ethylene Promotes Leaf, Flower, and Fruit Abscission
7.12 Ethylene Induces Senescence
7.12.1 Ethylene in Leaf Senescence
7.12.2 Ethylene in Flower Senescence
7.12.3 Ethylene in Fruit Senescence
7.13 Ethylene and Cell Death
7.14 Concluding Remarks and Perspectives
References
Chapter 8 Role of Ethylene in Flower and Fruit Development
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Involvement of Ethylene in the Control of the Flowering Transition
8.3 Involvement of Ethylene in Flower Development
8.3.1 Stamen and Pollen Development
8.3.2 Ovary and Ovules Development
8.3.3 Petal Development and Flower Opening
8.3.4 Floral Organ Senescence and Abscission
8.4 Involvement of Ethylene in Sex Determination and Unisexual Flower Development
8.5 Involvement of Ethylene in Fruit Development
8.5.1 Ethylene Suppresses Fruit Set and Early Fruit Development
8.5.2 Ethylene Regulation of Fruit Shape
References
Chapter 9 Ethylene and Nutrient Regulation in Plants
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Biosynthesis and Signaling of Ethylene
9.3 Availability of Mineral Nutrients in Plants
9.4 Ethylene and Regulation of Mineral Nutrients in Plants
9.4.1 Macronutrients
9.4.2 Micronutrients
9.4.3 Beneficial Elements
9.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 10 Plant Metabolism Adjustment in Exogenously Applied Ethylene under Stress
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Phytohormones and Stress
10.3 Ethylene
10.4 Ethylene and Stress
10.4.1 Salinity
10.4.2 Metal Toxicity
10.4.3 Flooding Stress
10.4.4 Low-Temperature Stress
10.4.5 High-Temperature and Humidity Stress
10.4.6 Mechanical Stress (Wounding)
10.5 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 11 Role of ET and ROS in Salt Homeostasis and Salinity Stress Tolerance and Transgenic Approaches to Making Salt-Tolerant Crops
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Salt Homeostasis and Salt Stress Management
11.1.2 ROS Homeostasis and Salt Stress Management
11.1.3 ET and Salt Stress Management
11.2 Discussion
References
Chapter 12 Ethylene and Phytohormone Crosstalk in Plant Defense Against Abiotic Stress
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Ethylene Biosynthesis and Signaling Pathways
12.3 Role of Plant Hormones in Plant Stress Responses
12.4 Plant Hormones Crosstalk with Ethylene in Plant Defense against Abiotic Stress
12.5 Conclusion and Future Directions
References
Chapter 13 Mechanism for Ethylene Synthesis and Homeostasis in Plants: Current Updates
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Mechanism of Ethylene Hormone Biosynthesis
13.2.1 Salvage Pathway
13.3 Regulation of the Ethylene Synthesis Pathway
13.4 Ethylene Hormone Homeostasis: Current Updates
13.4.1 Ethylene in Root Development
13.4.2 Ethylene in Leaf Growth and Development
13.4.3 Leaf Senescence
13.4.4 Floral Development
13.4.5 Floral Senescence
13.4.6 Fruit Senescence
13.4.7 Fruit Ripening
13.4.8 Essential Elements
13.5 Ethylene’s Importance in Biotic and Abiotic Homeostasis
13.5.1 Salinity
13.6 ROS Scavenging Mechanisms Through Ethylene Regulation
13.7 ET Crosstalk
13.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14 Ethylene and Nitric Oxide Under Salt Stress: Exploring Regulatory Interactions
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Mediation of Salt Tolerance by Ethylene and Nitric Oxide
14.3 Regulatory Interactions Between Ethylene and NO for Salt Tolerance
14.3.1 Synthesis of Ethylene and NO and Points of Interaction
14.3.2 Antioxidants
14.3.3 Osmolytes
14.3.4 Nutrients
14.3.5 Glucose
14.3.6 Stomatal Regulation
14.3.7 Ion Homeostasis
14.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 15 Ethylene and Metabolic Reprogramming under Abiotic Stresses
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Abiotic Stresses Change Gene Expression Patterns
15.2.1 Ethylene in Stress Gene Expression Response
15.3 Ethylene’s Role in Various Abiotic Stresses
15.3.1 Ethylene Response to Flooding
15.3.2 Ethylene Response to Epinasty
15.3.3 Response of Ethylene to Drought Conditions
15.3.4 Response of Ethylene to Cold
15.3.5 Response of Ethylene to Salinity Stress
15.3.6 Response of Ethylene to Wounds
15.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16 Regulation of Thermotolerance Stress in Crops by Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Through Ethylene Homeostasis
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Synthesis of Ethylene in Plant Roots and Rhizobial Inoculation
16.3 Basal and Acquired Thermotolerance
16.4 Hormone Involvement in Heat Stress
16.5 PGPR Influenced Ethylene Homeostasis
16.5.1 Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses with ERFs and Redox Signaling
16.5.2 Ethylene Responses in ERFs
16.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 17 Ethylene: Signaling, Transgenics, and Applications in Crop Improvement
17.1 Introduction to Ethylene
17.2 Functions of Ethylene
17.3 Ethylene and Signal Transduction
17.4 Role of Ethylene Response Factors (ERFs) in Fruit Ripening
17.5 Ethylene Crosstalk During Ripening
17.6 Regulating Ethylene Signal Transduction for Agricultural and Horticultural Uses
17.6.1 Chemical Approach
17.7 Gene- and Genomics-Related Approach
17.8 Altering Ethylene Levels in Plants
17.9 Inhibition of Fruit Ripening
17.9.1 Antisense RNA Approach
17.9.2 Overexpression Approach
17.9.3 Genome Editing and Fruit Ripening
17.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18 Role of Ethylene in Combating Biotic Stress
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Biotic Stress in Plants
18.3 Ethylene Biosynthesis in Response to Stress
18.4 Role of Ethylene in Reducing ROS Accumulation under Biotic Stress
18.5 Role of Ethylene in Crop Yield under Biotic Stress
18.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 19 Ethylene and Nitric Oxide Crosstalk in Plants under Abiotic Stress
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Ethylene (ET): A Key Regulatory Molecule in Plants
19.3 Crosstalk with Other Plant Hormones
19.4 Role of Nitric Oxide (NO) in Plants
19.5 NO Crosstalk with Plant Hormones
19.6 ET and NO Crosstalk under Abiotic Stress
19.6.1 ET-NO Crosstalk under Altered Temperature
19.6.2 ET-NO Crosstalk under Drought
19.6.3 ET-NO Crosstalk under Hypoxia
19.6.4 ET-NO Crosstalk under Altered Radiation
19.6.5 ET-NO Crosstalk under Salinity
19.6.6 ET-NO Crosstalk under Nutrient Deficiencies
19.6.7 ET-NO Crosstalk under Heavy Metal Stress
19.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 20 Polyamine Metabolism and Ethylene Signaling in Plants
20.1 Introduction
20.2 PA Metabolism (Polyamine Biosynthesis and Polyamine Catabolism)
20.2.1 PA Biosynthesis
20.2.2 PA Catabolism
20.2.3 PA Distribution
20.3 ET Biosynthesis, Perception, and Signal Transduction
20.4 Molecular and Biochemical Aspects of ET Signaling
References
Index
EULA