Ethnicity, Social Mobility, and Public Policy: Comparing the USA and UK

Cover......Page 1
Half-Title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Figures......Page 10
Tables......Page 12
Contributors......Page 16
Acknowledgements......Page 18
1 Social mobility – what is it?......Page 19
2 What do race and ethnicity have to do with it?......Page 21
3 Comparative method and regime effects......Page 23
4 Social mobility and social capital......Page 29
5 The plan of the book......Page 33
REFERENCES......Page 34
Part I: Historical overviews......Page 37
1 Introduction......Page 39
2.1 Ireland......Page 41
2.2 West Indies......Page 43
2.3 India......Page 45
3 The multinational state: origins and formation......Page 47
4 Social hierarchies and institutional arrangements in the nineteenth century......Page 50
6 Immigration controls, public policies and the racialization of the nation......Page 55
7 Conclusion......Page 63
REFERENCES......Page 64
2 American diversity and the 2000 census......Page 68
The official minorities......Page 72
How “ethnics” become “whites”......Page 75
The black difference......Page 79
Choosing a future......Page 81
REFERENCES......Page 83
1 A demographic overview......Page 85
Migration history......Page 87
2 Patterns of adjustment in the New World......Page 90
3 The consolidation of ethno-somatic modes......Page 93
The North American binary mode......Page 94
The Afro-Caribbean mode......Page 97
The Latin American mode: hegemonic blanqueamiento......Page 100
African-Americans......Page 104
The Afro-Caribbean......Page 108
The North Atlantic mode: proletarian incorporation......Page 114
Conclusion......Page 128
notes......Page 131
REFERENCES......Page 133
Part II: Informal social networks......Page 141
Towards a synthetic introduction re households, families, and neighborhoods......Page 143
REFERENCE......Page 147
4 Ethnicity as social capital: community-based institutions and embedded networks of social relations......Page 149
Interethnic differences in social mobility......Page 150
Variations in context: enclaves vs ghettos......Page 155
Understanding ethnicity in an institutional context:
the case of Chinatown......Page 159
Conclusion......Page 172
REFERENCES......Page 174
1 Introduction......Page 178
A. Children's years of schooling......Page 180
B. Children's earnings and income......Page 183
C. Evaluation of studies of measured background characteristics......Page 184
3 Sibling and neighborhood correlations in earnings and education......Page 186
B. Earnings and income......Page 187
A. Racial differences in background effects on schooling......Page 188
B. Racial differences in background effects on income......Page 189
C. Ethnic differences in background effects......Page 190
5 Summary......Page 191
REFERENCES......Page 192
Introduction......Page 196
British–American contrasts......Page 198
Ethnically mixed households......Page 203
Evidence of mobility: housing and suburbanization......Page 205
African-American and British Caribbean contrasts in segregation......Page 206
Segregation and intermarriage......Page 211
Conclusion......Page 217
REFERENCES......Page 219
1 Introduction......Page 222
2 Data and methods......Page 225
3 Modeling segregation, ethnicity, and outcomes......Page 226
4 Results......Page 231
5 Discussion and conclusions......Page 234
notes......Page 236
REFERENCES......Page 238
Interpreting diversity......Page 240
Comparisons over time and place......Page 242
Caribbean families in Britain: “modern individualism?”......Page 247
South Asian families in Britain: “old-fashioned
family values?”......Page 258
Diversity and change......Page 266
Note on sources......Page 268
notes......Page 269
REFERENCES......Page 270
Part III: Formal structures......Page 273
REFERENCE......Page 279
Introduction......Page 280
Initial conditions and expectations......Page 281
Data and measurement......Page 283
Trends in educational attainment......Page 287
Patterns of educational mobility......Page 291
Multivariate results......Page 295
The experience of more recent cohorts......Page 296
Conclusion......Page 298
Appendix: The ordered logit model......Page 299
notes......Page 302
REFERENCES......Page 303
A developing pattern......Page 306
From diverse beginnings......Page 309
Schools and young people......Page 312
Higher education......Page 315
Persisting/growing polarities......Page 322
notes......Page 323
REFERENCES......Page 324
11 Why America’s black–white school achievement gap persists......Page 327
Measured family background and home environment effects......Page 329
Family resources and parent–child activities......Page 330
Why are there differences in parenting?......Page 333
Schools and the black–white gap......Page 334
School resources, desegregation and integration......Page 335
From desegregation to school finance......Page 336
Class size......Page 337
Teacher (and teaching) quality......Page 338
Grouping and tracking......Page 340
Are teachers’ expectations and behaviors biased against
black students?......Page 343
Past trends and future possibilities......Page 345
Why such volatility for black teens......Page 347
Closing the gap......Page 353
notes......Page 354
REFERENCES......Page 356
12 Networks and niches: the continuing significance of ethnic connections......Page 360
Ethnic enclaves, economies, or niches: the play of debate......Page 362
The ethnic enclave......Page 363
The ethnic niche......Page 366
Networks and social closure......Page 368
African-Americans and the public sector......Page 370
Networks and niches in a high-tech economy......Page 373
Conclusion......Page 375
notes......Page 376
REFERENCES......Page 378
13 Nonwhite origins, Anglo destinations: immigrants in the USA and Britain......Page 381
Theoretical expectations......Page 382
Additional confounding factors......Page 387
Data and methods......Page 390
Results......Page 393
Discussion......Page 405
notes......Page 407
REFERENCES......Page 408
Introduction......Page 411
Ethnicity......Page 413
Generation......Page 414
Class origins......Page 415
Social mobility of men......Page 417
Women’s social mobility......Page 424
Conclusions......Page 428
REFERENCES......Page 430
1 Introduction......Page 432
2 Historical context......Page 433
3 Mass migration to the UK from the Indian subcontinent and the Caribbean......Page 435
4 Opportunity structure at arrival, and early occupational specialization......Page 438
5 Changing patterns of opportunity......Page 441
6 The position of ethnic minorities in the changing labor market......Page 443
6.1 Geographical mobility......Page 444
6.2 Aggregate patterns of social mobility......Page 445
6.3 Social mobility and self-employment......Page 450
7 Peopling social mobility studies: the case study of Ugandan Asians......Page 453
8 Conclusion......Page 460
notes......Page 461
REFERENCES......Page 462
Part IV: Political institutions and processes......Page 467
Why politics?......Page 469
The papers......Page 472
REFERENCES......Page 474
16 Ethnicity and political mobilization in Britain......Page 475
1 Racial equality and anti-discrimination......Page 476
2 The unity of the "Other"......Page 477
3 Racial identity......Page 479
4 Ethnic and religious identities......Page 482
5 Parts of Britishness......Page 486
Conclusion......Page 489
REFERENCES......Page 491
Disadvantages of political machines......Page 493
Advantages of political machines......Page 495
Machines and African-Americans......Page 497
A black nationalist postscript......Page 499
The post-civil-rights regime......Page 500
Accountability and reciprocity......Page 502
The participation–representation trade-off......Page 504
The new corporatism......Page 505
Conclusion: conflict and impatience......Page 507
notes......Page 510
REFERENCES......Page 512
18 Race, state, and policy: the development of employment discrimination policy in the USA and Britain......Page 516
History and institutions in the development
of race politics......Page 517
Political development and employment discrimination
policy: a comparative approach......Page 522
The United States......Page 524
Great Britain......Page 527
Conclusion: history, institutions, and race politics......Page 532
notes......Page 534
REFERENCES......Page 535
1 Introduction......Page 540
Why assets matter......Page 542
Who owns assets in the USA?......Page 544
The black middle class......Page 545
Racial differences in the composition of asset portfolios......Page 546
What explains racial and ethnic gaps in asset levels?......Page 547
Housing: the cornerstone of wealth accumulation......Page 548
Housing and assets in Britain......Page 550
Crime, criminal justice regimes, and social mobility outcomes......Page 561
Labor market effects......Page 566
Suburbanization......Page 567
Neighborhood effects......Page 568
Health, healthcare access, and social mobility......Page 569
The health of ethnic minorities in the USA......Page 571
The health of ethnic minorities in Britain......Page 572
Access to medical care in the USA......Page 573
Access to medical care in Britain......Page 576
Implications of regime differences on health outcomes......Page 577
notes......Page 579
REFERENCES......Page 584
Part V: Normative analysis......Page 589
1 Introduction......Page 591
2 Whats wrong with liberalism?......Page 593
3 Beyond discrimination......Page 597
4 Social capital and social opportunity......Page 600
5 Historical causation and social justice......Page 602
6 The affirmative action controversy and the poverty of proceduralism......Page 604
7 Concluding observations......Page 612
notes......Page 614
REFERENCES......Page 617
Why equality?......Page 620
What is racial equality?......Page 626
Achieving racial equality......Page 630
notes......Page 634
REFERENCES......Page 635
Author index......Page 636
Subject index......Page 645