Essentials of Veterinary Ophthalmology

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Companion Website
Section 1 Basics for Clinical Veterinary Ophthalmology
Chapter 1 Development and Morphology of the Eye and Adnexa
Section I: Development of the Eye and Adnexa
Gastrulation and Neurulation
Formation of the Optic Vesicle and Optic Cup
Lens Formation
Vascular Development
Development of the Cornea and Anterior Chamber
Development of the Iris, Ciliary Body, and Iridocorneal Angle
Retina and Optic Nerve Development
Sclera, Choroid, and Tapetum
Vitreous
Optic Nerve
Eyelids
Extraocular Muscles
Section II: Morphology of the Eye and Adnexa
Introduction
Orbit
Orbital Fascia
Extraocular Muscles and Orbital Fat
Eyelids
Conjunctiva
Nictitating Membrane
Lacrimal and Nasolacrimal System
Globe
Components
Size, Shape, and Topography
Cornea
Corneal Epithelium
Stroma
Descemet’s Membrane
Corneal Endothelium
Sclera
Uvea
Iris
Ciliary Body
Ciliary Body Musculature
Ciliary Body Vasculature
Iridocorneal Angle
Innervation
Choroid
Lens
Lens Capsule
Anterior Epithelium
Lens Fibers
Zonular Attachment
Vitreous
Retina
Retinal Pigment Epithelium
Neurosensory Retina
Retinal Vasculature
Optic Nerve
Vasculature of the Eye and Orbit
Chapter 2 Ophthalmic Physiology and Vision
Section I: Physiology of the Eye
Anterior Eye Structures
Eyelids
Tear Production and Drainage
Cornea
Transparency
Metabolism
Biomechanics
Sensitivity and Innervation
Iris and Pupil
Nutrition of Intraocular Tissues
Ocular Circulation
Ocular Blood Flow
Anterior Uveal Blood Flow
Choroidal Blood Flow
Retinal Blood Flow
Blood Flow of the Optic Nerve Head
Ocular Barriers
Blood–Aqueous Barrier
Blood–Retinal Barrier
Aqueous Humor and Intraocular Pressure
Aqueous Humor Formation
Aqueous Humor Composition
Aqueous Humor Regulation
Aqueous Humor Outflow
Structural and Biomechanical Attributes
Fluid Dynamics
Regulation of Outflow
Methods to Measure Aqueous Dynamics
Ocular Rigidity
Intraocular Pressure
Lens
Vitreous
Vitreal Structure and Aging
Vitreous Functions
Ocular Mobility
Oculocardiac Reflex
Section II: Optics and Physiology of Vision
Introduction
Visual Optics
Physical Optics
Transmission and Reflection
Geometric Optics
Visual Optics
Pupil
Abnormal Refractive States and Optical Errors
Spherical and Chromatic Aberrations
Visual Processing: Photoreceptors to Cortex
Retina
Primary Visual Cortex
Scotopic and Photopic Vision
Scotopic Vision
Photopic Vision
Flicker Detection
Motion Perception
Visual Fields, Binocular Vision, and Depth Perception
Visual Fields
Stereopsis
Color Vision
Visual Acuity
Chapter 3 Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics
Barriers to Ocular Drug Delivery
Corneal Barriers
Conjunctiva and Sclera Membrane Barriers
Blood–Ocular Barriers
Topical Administration
Ophthalmic Solutions and Suspensions
Drug Disposition After Eye Drop Application
Inside the Globe
Drug Delivery Kinetics and Ocular Bioavailability
Improvement of Ocular Bioavailability
Periocular Administration
Subconjunctival Injection
Sub-Tenon’s Injection
Retrobulbar and Peribulbar Injections
Intraocular Administration
Intracameral and Intravitreal Injections
Sustained Drug Delivery to Intraocular Tissues
Intraocular Implants
Systemic Administration
Other Methods of Ocular Drug Delivery
Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Antiviral Agents
General Principles of Antibacterial Therapy
Antifungal Agents
Antiviral Agents
General Principles
Specific Antiviral Agents
Anti-inflammatory and Immunosuppressant Drugs
Anti-inflammatory Agents
Corticosteroids
Ophthalmic Corticosteroids
Side Effects of Ophthalmic Corticosteroids
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Immunosuppressant Drugs
Mydriatics/Cycloplegics, Anesthetics, and Tear Substitutes and Stimulators
Mydriatics/Cycloplegics
Local and Regional Anesthetics
Tear Substitutes and Stimulators
Drugs That Affect Aqueous Humor Dynamics and Intraocular Pressure
Parasympathomimetics or Cholinomimetics
Section 2 Ocular Exam and Imaging
Chapter 4 Eye Examination and Diagnostics
History
General Ocular Examination
Restraint
Ophthalmic Examination in Ambient Lighting
Distance Examination
Vision Assessment and Neuro-ophthalmic Examination
Tear Tests
Close Examination of the Adnexa and Globe
Intraocular Pressure Measurement and Pupil Dilation
Anterior Segment Examination After Pupil Dilation: Lens Examination
Posterior Segment Examination
Ophthalmic Examination Techniques
Slit-Lamp Biomicroscopy
Corneal Esthesiometry
Corneal and Conjunctival Cultures and Cytology
Additional Tests
Tear Tests
External Ophthalmic Stains
Ophthalmic Paracentesis
Basic Imaging Systems
Advanced Imaging Systems
Pachymetry
Specular Microscopy
Scanning Laser Polarimetry
Optical Coherence Tomography
Fluorescein Angiography
Physics and Basic Principles
Examination Technique
Standard (10–12 MHz) Ultrasonographic Imaging
Advanced Ultrasound Imaging (20–100 MHz)
Color Doppler Ultrasound
Electrodiagnostic Evaluation of Vision
Flash Electroretinogram
ERG Results
Ophthalmic Genetics and DNA Testing
Tests for Genetic Disease
Sample Collection
Breeding from Carriers for Recessive Disease
Section 3 Canine Ophthalmology
Chapter 5 Canine Orbit: Disease and Surgery
Clinical Signs/Examination
Exophthalmia Versus Enophthalmia
Palpation of Orbital Structures
Clinical Signs
Other Clinical Signs
Ophthalmoscopy
Auscultation
Ancillary Diagnostic Tests
Diagnostic Ultrasound
Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Fine Needle Aspiration and Tissue Biopsy
Congenital Anomalies of the Orbit and Globe
Anophthalmos
Cystic Eye, Microphthalmia, and Nanophthalmia
Vascular Anomalies
Exophthalmos
Orbital Cysts
Acquired Orbital Diseases
Inflammatory Lesions: Orbital Cellulitis/Abscess
Salivary Retention Cysts and Mucoceles (Sialoceles)
Myositis
Orbital Neoplasia
Traumatic Lesions
Miscellaneous Lesions
Surgery of the Globe and Orbit
Enucleation
Exenteration
Orbital Prosthesis
Evisceration and Implantation of Intrascleral (Intraocular) Prostheses
Extrascleral Prosthesis
Orbitotomy
Orbitectomy
Chapter 6 Canine Eyelids: Disease and Surgery
Introduction
Structure and Function
Skin and Cilia
Eyelid Margin
Canthus
Lid Sensation and Innervation
Blood Supply and Lymphatic Drainage
Diagnostics for Eyelids
Principles of Lid Surgery
Anesthesia
Preparation of the Operative Field
Positioning
Draping
Magnification and Illumination
Surgical Instruments
Suture Material
Suturing
Hemostasis
Cryosurgery
Postoperative Care
Congenital and Presumed Heredity Structural Abnormalities
Ankyloblepharon: Physiological
Eyelid Aplasia or Coloboma
Dermoids and Dysplasia Palpebrae
Distichiasis and Conjunctival Ectopic Cilia
Treatment of Distichiasis
Ectopic Cilia
Entropion
Epidemiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Therapy
Surgical Procedures
Ectropion and Oversized Palpebral Fissure (Macro- or Euryblepharon)
Ectropion–Macroblepharon Correction Procedures to Shorten the Lower Lid Margin
Kühnt–Szymanowski Blaskovic’s Modification (Further Modified by Fox and Smith): Procedure for Oversized Lower Lid Margin and Ectropion
Macroblepharon–Ectropion Correction, Reducing Lower and Upper Lid Length
Permanent Lateral Palpebral Fissure Reduction Plasty (Modified Roberts–Jensen Pocket Procedure)
Microblepharon, Blepharophimosis, or Blepharostenosis
Trichiasis
Removal of Nasal Folds
Trichomegaly
Redundant Skin Folds Around the Eye
Lid Trauma
Aftercare
Inflammations
Generalized Blepharitis
Bacterial Blepharitis
Mycotic Blepharitis
Parasitic Blepharitis
Leishmania Blepharitis
Immune-Mediated Blepharitis
Chalazion
Hordeolum or Stye
Focal Blepharitis, Blepharitis Adenomatosa, Meibomianitis, and External Hordeolum
Other Eyelid Diseases
Eyelid Masses and Neoplasia
Inflammatory Masses
Eyelid Neoplasia
Therapy
Reconstructive Blepharoplasty
Other Eyelid Procedures
Temporary Tarsorrhaphy
Permanent Tarsorrhaphy
Postoperative Care and Complications After Tarsorrhaphy
Chapter 7 Canine Nasolacrimal and Lacrimal Systems: Disease and Surgery
Section I: Nasolacrimal Duct System
Embryology
Anatomy
Physiology
Clinical Manifestations of Nasolacrimal Disease
Epiphora
Diagnostic Procedures
Schirmer Tear Test
Cytology and Microbial Cultures
Fluorescein Dye Passage
Nasolacrimal Flushing
Radiographic and Other Imaging Examinations
Congenital Diseases
Lacrimal Punctal Atresia
Micropunctum
Atresia of the Canaliculus, Nasolacrimal Sac, and Nasolacrimal Duct
Congenital Puncta and Canaliculi Misplacement
Developmental Disorders
Acquired Diseases
Lacerations
Dacryocystitis and Foreign Bodies
Neoplasia of the Nasolacrimal Duct
Section II: Lacrimal Secretory System: Disease and Surgery
Formation and Dynamics of Tear Components
Pathogenesis of Tear Film Disease
Causes of Aqueous Tear Deficiency
Clinical Findings in KCS
Diagnosis of Aqueous Tear Deficiency
Qualitative Abnormalities
Diagnosis of Qualitative Tear Deficiencies
Treatment of Tear Film Deficiencies
Medical Treatment
Other Considerations in Aqueous Tear Deficiency
Surgical Treatment of Chronic and/or Medical Refractory Tear Deficiencies
Cysts and Neoplasms of the Lacrimal Secretory System
Chapter 8 Canine Conjunctivae and Nictitating Membrane: Disease and Surgery
Conjunctiva
Functional Anatomy and Physiology
Microscopic Anatomy
Vascular Supply and Innervation
Normal Bacterial and Fungal Flora
General Response to Disease
Infectious Conjunctivitis
Bacterial Conjunctivitis
Viral Conjunctivitis
Fungal Conjunctivitis
Rickettsial Conjunctivitis
Noninfectious Conjunctivitis
Allergic Conjunctivitis
Follicular Conjunctivitis
Environmental Irritants and Contact Hypersensitivity
Conjunctivitis Associated with Tear Deficiencies
Ligneous Conjunctivitis
Conjunctival Neoplasia
Non-neoplastic Conjunctival Masses
Inflammatory Masses
Dermoids
Subconjunctival Fat Prolapse
Parasitic Granulomas
Cysts
Conjunctival Hemorrhages
Foreign Bodies
Orbital Disease
Anatomical Abnormalities
Medial Canthal Pocket Syndrome
Medial Aberrant Dermis (Caruncular Trichiasis)
Conjunctival Manifestations of Systemic Disease
Effects of Radiation
Surgical Procedures
Laceration Repair
Surgical Repair of Conjunctival Defects
Conjunctival Autografts to the Cornea
Nictitating Membrane
Anatomy, Histology, and Function
Anomalous, Congenital, and Developmental Disorders
Bent Cartilage
Prolapse of the Gland
Surgical Repositioning
Protrusion
Neoplasia
Adenocarcinoma
Other Neoplasms
Inflammatory Conditions
Nodular Granulomatous Episclerokeratitis
Plasma Cell Infiltration (Plasmoma)
Follicular Conjunctivitis
Trauma, Reconstruction, and Foreign Bodies
Nictitating Membrane Surgery
Nictitating Membrane Flaps
Chapter 9 Canine Cornea and Sclera: Diseases and Surgery
Corneal Anatomy and Pathophysiology
Corneal Anatomy
Corneal Clarity
Corneal Wound Healing
Corneal Pigmentation
Corneal Edema
Corneal Vascularization
Developmental Abnormalities and Congenital Diseases
Microcornea
Megalocornea
Dermoids
Congenital Corneal Opacities
Limbal Colobomas and Staphylomas
Inflammatory Keratopathies
Ulcerative Keratitis
Nonulcerative Keratitis
Non-inflammatory Keratopathies
Crystalline Corneal Opacities
Noncrystalline Cornea Opacities
Corneoscleral Masses and Neoplasms
Corneal Epithelial Inclusion Cysts
Papillomas
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Corneal Lymphosarcoma
Other Corneal Neoplasms
Limbal Melanomas
Scleral Diseases
Episcleritis
Nodular Granulomatous Episcleritis
Scleritis
Chapter 10 The Canine Glaucomas
Epidemiology of Primary and Secondary Glaucomas in the Dog
University of California Study
Genetics
Classification of the Glaucomas
Cause(s) of the Glaucomas
Onset and Duration
Diagnostics
Applanation Tonometry
Gonioscopy
Ophthalmoscopy
High-Resolution Ultrasonography and Ultrasound Biomicroscopy
Other Diagnostics
Provocative Tests
Clinical and Pathological Effects of Elevated IOP
Pathology of Canine Glaucoma in Clinical Patients
Clinical Signs
Primary and Breed-Predisposed Canine Glaucomas
Pectinate Ligament Dysplasia
Breed Predisposition
Effect of Gender
Effect of Age
Inheritance of the Canine Glaucomas
Clinical Stages of the Primary Glaucomas
Glaucoma in the American Cocker Spaniel
Glaucoma in the Basset Hound
Glaucoma in the Beagle
Glaucoma in the Boston Terrier
Glaucoma in the Bouvier des Flandres
Glaucoma in the Chow Chow
Glaucoma in the English Cocker Spaniel
Glaucoma in the English Springer Spaniel
Glaucoma in the Flat-Coated Retriever
Glaucoma in the Great Dane
Glaucoma in the Shiba Inu in Japan
Glaucoma in the Toy and Miniature Poodles
Glaucoma in the Norwegian Elkhound
Glaucoma in the Samoyed
Glaucoma in the Shar-Pei
Glaucoma in the Siberian Husky
Glaucoma in the Welsh Springer Spaniel
Other Breeds
Secondary Glaucomas
Risk Factors of the Canine Secondary Glaucomas
Lens and the Glaucomas
Subluxated Lenses, and Anterior and Posterior Lens Luxations
Cataractous Versus “Clear” Lens
Phacomorphic Glaucoma and Intumescent Cataract
Phacolytic Glaucoma/Resorbing Hypermature Cataracts and Lens-Induced Uveitis
Aphakic and Pseudophakic Glaucomas
Acute Postoperative Hypertension
Malignant Glaucoma (Aqueous Misdirection)
Traumatic Glaucomas
Uveitic Glaucomas
Ocular Melanosis and Melanocytic Glaucoma
Pigmentary and Cystic Glaucoma
Intraocular Neoplasms and Glaucoma
Glaucomas Secondary to Silicone Oil and Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachments
Congenital Glaucomas
Medical and Surgical Treatment
Target, Safe, and Diurnal IOP
Medical Therapy for IOP Control
Patient Selection for Glaucoma Surgery
Available Surgical Procedures
Preoperative Treatment
Current Strategies for Surgical Treatments
Anterior Chamber Shunts (Gonioimplants)
Complications of Anterior Chamber Shunts
Surgical Results
Cyclodestructive Techniques
Cyclocryothermy
Treatment of End-Stage Primary Glaucomas
Chapter 11 Canine Anterior Uvea: Diseases and Surgery
Developmental Conditions
Persistent Pupillary Membranes
Peter’s Anomaly
Aniridia and Iris Hypoplasia
Other Congenital Pupillary Abnormalities
Miscellaneous Congenital Abnormalities
Degenerative Iridal Changes
Senile Iris Atrophy
Secondary Iris Atrophy
Uveal Cyst
Uveal Inflammation
Etiopathogenesis of Uveitis
General Uveal Inflammatory Responses
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis
Systemic Evaluation
Therapy for Anterior Uveitis
Uveal Manifestations of Selected Diseases
Lens-Induced Uveitis
Uveodermatologic Syndrome
Mycoses-Associated Uveitis
Parasitic Diseases
Protozoal Diseases
Rickettsial Diseases
Viral Diseases
Bacterial Disease
Algal Disease
Miscellaneous
Hyperlipidemia
Pigmentary and Cystic Glaucoma (Pigmentary Uveitis)
Solid Intraocular Xanthogranuloma in Miniature Schnauzer Dogs
Hyperviscosity Syndrome
Sulfonamide Hypersensitivity
Uveal Trauma
Emergency Management of Acute Ocular Trauma
Ancillary Diagnostic Procedures
Treatment of Blunt Injuries
Treatment of Penetrating Injuries
Traumatic Uveitis with Lens Rupture
Intraocular Foreign Bodies
Hyphema
Non-neoplastic Iridal Proliferations
Ocular Melanosis (Pigmentary Glaucoma)
Iris Freckles and Nevi
Anterior Uveal Tumors
Primary Neoplasms
Iridociliary Epithelial Tumors
Medulloepitheliomas
Miscellaneous Primary Neoplasms
Secondary Neoplasms
Uveal Surgery
Mass Removal Procedures
Chapter 12 Canine Cataracts, Lens Luxations, and Surgery
Normal Findings by Age
Congenital Lens Abnormalities
Aphakia
Microphakia and Spherophakia
Lens Coloboma
Lenticonus/Lentiglobus
Embryonic Vascular Abnormalities
Congenital Lens Luxation
Congenital Cataract
Primary Congenital Cataract
Secondary Congenital Cataract
Acquired Lens Abnormalities
Cataracts
Classification of Canine Cataracts
Detailed Description of Acquired Cataracts
Medical Treatment of Cataracts
Visual Consequences of Cataracts
Complication of Untreated Cataracts in Dogs
Lens-Induced Uveitis
Nuclear Sclerosis
Lens Luxation
Patient Selection
History, Systemic Evaluation, and Ophthalmic Examination
Signalment in Patient Selection
Spontaneous Lens Capsule Rupture
Surgical Equipment and Devices
Surgical Approach
Intraocular Lens
Viscoelastic Removal
Intraoperative Complications
Postoperative Complications of Phacoemulsification and IOL Implantation
Long-Term Postoperative Complications
Surgery for Lens Instability (Luxation)
Chapter 13 Diseases and Surgery of the Canine Posterior Segment
Section I: Diseases and Surgery of the Canine Vitreous
Development and Anatomy
Morphology
Diagnostic Procedures
Focal Light
Slit-Lamp Biomicroscopy
Ophthalmoscopy
Diagnostic Imaging
Hyalocentesis
Therapeutic Procedures
Medical Treatment
Surgical Treatment
Vitreal Diseases
Developmental Disorders
Acquired Disorders
Vitreous in Relation to Other Ophthalmic Disorders
Lens Luxation
Retinal Detachment
Section II: Diseases of the Canine Ocular Fundus
Methods of Examination
Behavioral Testing
Testing Reflexes and Responses
Structural Visualization of the Fundus
Ophthalmoscopy
Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy
Optical Coherence Tomography
Adaptive Optics
Ultrasonography
Angiography
Functional Testing of the Retina
Electroretinography
DNA-Based Tests for Retinal Dystrophies
Normal Ocular Fundus
Tapetal Fundus
Nontapetal Fundus
Optic Nerve Head
Retinal Vasculature
Development of the Canine Ocular Fundus
Ophthalmoscopy
Functional and Morphological Development of the Retina
Developmental Anomalies
Collie Eye Anomaly
Merle Ocular Dysgenesis
Retinal Dysplasia
Induced Retinal Dysplasia
Canine Multifocal Retinopathy
Inherited Retinal Degenerations/Dystrophies
Classification of Canine Hereditary Retinal Degenerations
Clinical Signs of Hereditary Retinal Degeneration/Progressive Retinal Atrophy
Early-Onset Photoreceptor Degenerations
Late-Onset Photoreceptor Degenerations
Progressive Rod–Cone Degeneration
prcd in the Miniature and Toy Poodle
Other Generalized Retinopathies/Retinal Dystrophies
Early Retinopathy
Cone Degeneration
Photoreceptor Dysplasia
RPE Autofluorescent Inclusion Epitheliopathy/Retinal Pigment Epithelial Dystrophy
Hereditary Retinal Dystrophy/Lipid Retinopathy/RPE65 Null Mutation/Canine Leber’s Congenital Amaurosis
Pigmentary Chorioretinopathy
Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis
Mucopolysaccharide Storage Diseases
Inflammation and Infections Affecting the Ocular Fundus
Chorioretinitis
Choroiditis
Specific Retinopathies
Sudden Acquired Retinal Degeneration Syndrome
Retinal Toxicities
Drug-Induced Retinotoxicity
Retinopathy Induced by Light and Oxygen
Retinopathy Induced by Radiation
Retinopathies of Nutritional Causes
Vitamin A Deficiency
Vitamin E Deficiency
Vascular Disease Processes
Systemic Hypertension
Hyperviscosity Syndromes
Hyperlipidemia
Diabetic Retinopathy
Retinopathies with Immunological Diseases
Immune-Mediated Thrombocytopenia
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Cancer-Associated Retinopathy
Secondary Retinal Degenerations
Glaucoma
Retinal Detachments
Neoplastic and Proliferative Conditions
Granulomatous Meningoencephalitis (Reticulosis)
Primary Tumors
Ocular Melanosis
Secondary Tumors
Metastatic Tumors
Lymphomas
Section III: Surgery of the Canine Posterior Segment
Anatomical Considerations
Vitreous
Pars Plana
Intrascleral Plexus
Types of Retinal Detachments
Factors Responsible for Retinal Detachment
Postoperative Phacoemulsification
Cataracts and Lens-Induced Uveitis
Retinal Abnormalities
Vitreous
Trauma
Iatrogenic Causes
Tractional Retinal Detachment
Effusion
Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous
Endophthalmitis
Collie Eye Anomaly
Lens Luxation
Dropped Nuclear Fragments
Prophylactic Retinopexy
Procedure for Retinopexy
Surgical Procedures for Treatment of Retinal Detachment
Pneumatic Retinopexy
Demarcation and Barrier Retinopexy
Vitrectomy for Giant Retinal Tears
Success of Retinal Detachment Repair
Subretinal Injection
Section IV: Optic Nerve
Diseases of the Canine Optic Nerve
Structure and Function of the Optic Nerve
Intraocular Optic Nerve
Intraorbital Optic Nerve
Intracanalicular Optic Nerve
Intracranial Optic Nerve and Optic Chiasm
Clinical Examination of the Optic Nerve
Neuro-ophthalmic Examination
Ophthalmoscopy
Angiography
Diagnostic Imaging in Optic Nerve Disease
Ultrasonography
Optic Nerve Disorders: Congenital Optic Neuropathies
Optic Nerve Hypoplasia/Micropapilla
Optic Nerve Aplasia
Achiasmatic Belgian Sheepdogs
Optic Nerve Coloboma
Acquired Optic Neuropathies
Differential Diagnosis of the “Swollen Disc”
Papilledema
Inflammatory Optic Neuropathies
Clinical Signs of Optic Neuritis
Causes of Optic Neuritis
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis
Secondary Neoplasia of the Optic Nerve
Section 4 Special Species
Chapter 14 Feline Ophthalmology
Introduction
Diseases of the Eyelids
Congenital Eyelid Abnormalities
Abnormalities of Eyelid Opening
Eyelid Agenesis
Structural Eyelid Abnormalities
Entropion
Dermoid
Blepharitis
Fungal Blepharitis
Parasitic Blepharitis
Viral Blepharitis
Protozoal Blepharitis
Bacterial Blepharitis
Immune-Mediated Blepharitis
Allergic Blepharitis
Miscellaneous Blepharitis
Lipogranulomatous Conjunctivitis
Eyelid Cysts and Nodules
Eyelid Neoplasia
Diseases of the Nasolacrimal System
Diseases of the Third Eyelid
Horner’s Syndrome
Idiopathic Third Eyelid Protrusion
Prolapsed Third Eyelid Gland
Neoplasia
Ocular Surface Disease
Conjunctival Disease
Chlamydia felis
Mycoplasma felis
Bordetella bronchiseptica
Conjunctival Neoplasia
Melanoma
Lymphoma
Vascular Tumors
Conjunctival Surface Adenocarcinoma
Keratoconjunctival Disease
Feline Herpesvirus Type 1
Treatment
Antiviral Therapy
Lysine Therapy
Interferons
Symblepharon
Eosinophilic Keratitis/Proliferative Keratoconjunctivitis
Dry Eye Disease Syndromes
Corneal Disease
Normal Cornea
Corneal Ulceration
Fungal Keratitis
Florida Spots
Corneal Sequestrum
Acute Bullous Keratopathy
Corneal Dystrophies and Degenerations
Corneal Dermoids
Corneal Neoplasia
Diseases of the Anterior Uvea
Developmental or Structural Disorders
Anterior Uveitis
Clinical Features of Feline Uveitis
Classification of Uveitis
Systemic Evaluation
Causes of Anterior Uveitis
Treatment of Anterior Uveitis
Anterior Uveal Neoplasia
Feline Diffuse Iris Melanoma
Feline Ocular Post-traumatic Sarcoma
Metastatic Uveal Neoplasia
Glaucoma
Clinical Signs
Diseases of the Lens and Cataract Formation
Congenital Cataracts and Lens Anomalies
Primary and Secondary Cataract Formation
Lens Luxation
Cataract Surgery and Lensectomy
Diseases of the Posterior Segment
Vitreous
Congenital and Developmental Disorders
Acquired Disorders
Retina and Choroid
Congenital, Developmental, and Acquired Disorders
Retinal Dysplasia
Taurine Deficiency Retinopathy
Inherited Rod–Cone Dysplasia, Dystrophy, and Degenerations
Rod–Cone Dysplasia in the Abyssinian
Rod–Cone Degeneration in the Abyssinian
Progressive Retinal Atrophy in the Bengal Cat
Drug-Associated Retinal Toxicity
Inflammation
Hypertensive Retinopathy
Hyperviscosity Retinopathy
Retinal Fold and Detachment
Posterior Segment Neoplasia
Lysosomal Storage Diseases
Diseases of the Optic Nerve and Central Nervous System
Congenital and Developmental Disorders
Optic Neuritis
Optic Nerve Atrophy
Diseases of the Orbit
Congenital and Developmental Disorders
Griseofulvin Teratogenesis
Traumatic Proptosis
Orbital Inflammations and Infections
Feline Restrictive Orbital Myofibroblastic Sarcoma
Orbital Neoplasia
Enucleation
Chapter 15 Equine Ophthalmology
Examination of the Equine Eye
Ocular Problems in the Equine Neonate
Congenital Anomalies and Abnormalities
Acquired Ocular and Adnexal Problems in the Foal
Equine Orbit
Diagnostic Procedures
Retrobulbar Nerve Blocks
Surgical Techniques for the Orbit
Orbital Inflammation and Cellulitis
Orbital Neoplasia
Diseases and Surgery of the Eyelids
Entropion
Eyelid Lacerations
Blepharitis
Eyelid Neoplasia
Diseases of the Conjunctiva
Diseases of the Nictitating Membrane
Nasolacrimal Disease
Diseases of the Equine Cornea
Corneal Anatomy
Corneal Wound Healing
Inflammation
Perforating Injury
Corneal Infections
Ulcerative Keratitis
Superficial Uncomplicated Corneal Ulcers
Complicated Corneal Ulcers
Indolent Corneal Ulcers
Corneal Foreign Bodies
Fungal/Mycotic Keratitis
Medical Treatment
Surgical Treatment
Bacterial Keratitis
Corneal Perforation/Laceration
Surgical Therapy for Corneal Ulcers
Viral Keratitis
Corneal Dystrophy
Corneal Neoplasia
Diseases of the Equine Uvea
Uveal Cysts
Uveal Neoplasia
Uveitis
Equine Recurrent Uveitis
Heterochromic Iridocyclitis
Equine Glaucoma
Lens
Nuclear Sclerosis
Disorders of the Lens
Posterior Segment
Disorders of the Vitreous
Chorioretinitis
Congenital Stationary Night Blindness
Equine Motor Neuron Disease
Retinal Detachment
Optic Nerve Atrophy
Traumatic Optic Neuropathy
Proliferative Optic Neuropathy
Chapter 16 Food and Fiber Animal Ophthalmology
The Nasolacrimal System
Developmental Anomalies
Conjunctiva and Cornea
Congenital Anomalies
Inherited Corneal Disease
Phenothiazine-Induced Corneal Disease
Parasitic Keratoconjunctivitis
Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis
Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis
Neoplasia of the Conjunctiva and Cornea
Glaucoma
Uvea
Congenital Disorders of the Anterior Uvea
Inflammation of the Uvea
Uveal Tumors
Lens
Congenital and Juvenile Cataracts
Acquired and Secondary Cataracts
Treatment of Cataracts
Ocular Fundi
Ophthalmoscopic Examination
Congenital Disorders
Inflammations of the Posterior Segment
Degeneration of the Ocular Fundus
Optic Nerve Diseases
Sheep and Goats
Ocular Examination and Ophthalmic Parameters
Orbit and Globe
Eyelids
Entropion
Ectropion
Eyelid Colobomas
Blepharitis
Conjunctiva and Cornea
Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis
Parasitic Keratoconjunctivitis
Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Glaucoma
Uvea
Pigs
Orbit and Globe
Congenital Globe Abnormalities and Blindness
Eyelids
Uveal Tract
Lens
Ocular Fundi
New World Camelids
Ocular Examination and Ocular Parameters
Orbit and Globe
Eyelids and Nasolacrimal System
Blepharitis
Developmental Anomalies of the Nasolacrimal System
Dacryocystitis
Conjunctiva
Cornea
Ulcerative Keratitis
Stromal Abscess
Corneal Dystrophy and Degeneration
Anterior Segment
Posterior Segment
Diseases of the Posterior Segment
Lens
Glaucoma
Ocular Neoplasia
Chapter 17 Exotic Animals: Ophthalmic Diseases and Surgery
Considerations for Ophthalmic Examinations in Laboratory Animals
Ocular Diseases in the Mouse and Rat
Guinea Pig
Chinchilla
Ferret
Rabbits
Miniature Pig
Nonhuman Primates
Adnexal and Ocular Surface Disease
Anterior Segment Disease
Posterior Segment Disease
Exotic Animals
Considerations for Ophthalmic Examination in Exotic Animals
Fish
Ocular Anatomy
Examination Techniques
Ocular Diseases
Amphibians
Reptiles
Mammals
Population Surveys of Ocular Disorders
Malformations
Inflammations and Infections
Corneal Degeneration
Cataract Formation
Diseases of the Ocular Fundus
Neoplasia
Trauma
Avian Ophthalmology
Ocular Anatomy
Examination Techniques
Ophthalmic Diseases
Inflammations and Infections
Neoplasia
Trauma
Penguins
Enucleation and Evisceration
Marine and Other Aquatic Mammals
Examination Techniques
Pinnipeds
Ocular Diseases
Lens Disorders
Section 5 Ophthalmic and Systemic Diseases
Chapter 18 Neuro-ophthalmology
Neuro-ophthalmic Examination
The Distant Examination
Reflex and Response Testing
Vision Testing
Schirmer Tear Testing
Pharmacological Testing
Neuroanatomical Lesion Localization
Braund’s Syndromes
Horner’s Syndrome
Cavernous Sinus Syndrome
Hemifacial Spasm (Hemifacial Tetany)
Pourfour du Petit Syndrome
Static Anisocoria (Spastic Pupil Syndrome) and Hemidilated Pupil
Neuro-ophthalmic Diseases
Congenital – Dog
Developmental – Dog
Acquired – Dog
Neoplasia – Central Nervous System
Congenital – Feline
Developmental – Feline
Acquired – Feline
Equine – Congenital
Food Animals – Congenital
Food Animals – Developmental
Food Animals – Acquired
Chapter 19 Ocular Manifestations of Systemic Disease
Introduction
Section I: Dogs
Congenital
Coat Color-Related Diseases/Conditions in Dogs
Dwarfism (Skeletal Dysplasia–Osteochondrodysplasia)
Hydrocephalus in Dogs
Myasthenia Gravis
Quadriplegia and Amblyopia
Developmental
Inborn Errors of Intermediary Metabolism
Acquired
Cardiovascular Diseases
Hematological Diseases
Idiopathic Systemic Diseases
Immune-Mediated Diseases
Infectious Diseases
Metabolic Diseases
Neoplasia – Central Nervous System
Neoplasia – Systemic
Nutritional Disorders
Toxicities
Section II: Cats
Congenital
Coat Color-Related Diseases/Conditions
Developmental
Lysosomal Storage Diseases
Acquired
Cardiovascular Diseases
Hematological Diseases
Idiopathic Systemic Diseases
Immune-Mediated Diseases
Infectious Diseases
Metabolic Diseases
Neoplasia – Central Nervous System
Neoplasia – Systemic
Nutritional Disorders
Systemic Toxicities
Section III: Horses
Congenital
Coat Color-Related Diseases/Conditions
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
Immunoglobulin M Deficiency
Acquired
Infectious Diseases
Section IV: Food Animals
Congenital
Complete or Incomplete Albinism
Infectious Diseases
Appendix A Inherited Ophthalmic Diseases in the Dog
Appendix B Inherited Eye Diseases in the Cat
Appendix C Inherited Eye Diseases in the Horse
Appendix D Inherited Eye Diseases in Production Animals
Appendix E Lysosomal Storage Diseases in the Dog, Cat, and Food Animals
Glossary
Index
EULA