Essentials of Public Health Biology 2019

Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 9
Prologue......Page 23
Contributors......Page 27
Reviewers......Page 30
Introduction......Page 33
Overview of Public Health Biology......Page 36
Chapter 1 Risk Assessment, Communication, and Management......Page 51
Introduction......Page 54
Risk Assessment......Page 56
Risk Communication......Page 64
Health Communication......Page 67
Risk Management......Page 73
Why Do Risk Analysis?......Page 77
Key Terms......Page 78
Discussion Questions......Page 79
References......Page 81
Chapter 2 Cell Properties and Function......Page 84
Introduction......Page 87
Cell Basics......Page 91
Organelles......Page 95
Basic and Specialized Cell Functions......Page 104
Cell Organization......Page 106
Cell Exchanges......Page 112
Homeostasis......Page 113
Case Report......Page 116
Key Terms......Page 120
Discussion Questions......Page 121
References......Page 122
Chapter 3 Public Health Microbiology......Page 123
Introduction......Page 126
The Microbial World......Page 127
The Beneficial Aspects of Microbes......Page 136
Bacteria......Page 139
Bacterial Genetics......Page 153
Viruses......Page 160
Microbial Disease......Page 167
Current Challenges to Public Health Microbiology......Page 183
Key Terms......Page 195
Discussion Questions......Page 198
References......Page 200
Chapter 4 Immunizations and Immunity......Page 206
Introduction......Page 209
Mechanisms of Immunity......Page 212
Antibodies at Work......Page 219
Vaccines......Page 227
Future Vaccines......Page 232
Public Health Perspectives for the Health of the General Population and of High-Risk Groups......Page 234
Barriers to Achieving Widespread Coverage......Page 241
Case Report......Page 243
Key Terms......Page 244
Discussion Questions......Page 245
References......Page 246
Chapter 5 Genetics in Public Health......Page 247
Introduction......Page 250
Basic Properties of DNA......Page 252
Inheritance......Page 255
Human Genome Project......Page 259
Genetic Variation......Page 267
Direct-to-Consumer Testing......Page 270
Public Health Relevance......Page 274
Key Terms......Page 279
Discussion Questions......Page 280
References......Page 282
Chapter 6 Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease......Page 286
Introduction......Page 289
Mechanisms of Epigenetic Modification......Page 291
Epigenetics and Development......Page 295
Genomic Imprinting......Page 300
The Dynamic Epigenome......Page 303
Epigenetics and Metabolism......Page 309
Early Chemical Exposures and Long-Term Consequences......Page 313
Epigenetic Changes as Biomarkers of Exposure......Page 317
Epigenetics and Cancer......Page 319
Conclusion......Page 322
Key Terms......Page 323
Discussion Questions......Page 324
References......Page 325
Chapter 7 A Public Health View of Cancer......Page 331
Introduction......Page 334
History of Cancer Research in the United States......Page 338
The Biology of Cancer......Page 339
Causes of Cancer......Page 343
Health Disparities and Cancer......Page 350
Reducing Cancer Disease Burden......Page 354
Remaining Challenges......Page 359
Key Terms......Page 362
Discussion Questions......Page 363
References......Page 364
Chapter 8 Nutrition and Public Health......Page 367
Introduction......Page 370
The Science of Nutrition......Page 371
Human Nutritional Requirements......Page 391
Nutrition Surveillance and Dietary Recommendations for Disease Prevention......Page 398
Malnutrition and Food Insecurity......Page 401
Food Systems in Public Health......Page 407
Key Terms......Page 411
Discussion Questions......Page 412
References......Page 413
Chapter 9 Overfeeding, Disuse, and Cardiometabolic Outcomes......Page 419
Introduction......Page 422
Substrate Metabolism......Page 425
Subsistence Efficiency......Page 430
Weight Gain and Obesity......Page 432
Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes......Page 434
Factors for Cardiometabolic Risk......Page 440
Implications for Public Health Practice......Page 445
Case Report......Page 452
Key Terms......Page 453
Discussion Questions......Page 454
References......Page 455
Chapter 10 Maternal Biology......Page 460
Introduction......Page 463
Female Reproductive Physiology and Management......Page 464
Physiology of Normal Pregnancy......Page 485
Maternofetal Transmission......Page 520
Maternal–Perinatal Infection......Page 527
Management of Normal Pregnancy......Page 542
Maternal Health in the World......Page 553
Key Terms......Page 558
Discussion Questions......Page 560
References......Page 563
Chapter 11 Aging......Page 576
Introduction......Page 579
Theories of Aging......Page 582
Physiologic Changes Occurring with Aging......Page 589
Public Health Challenges......Page 600
Health Promotion Initiatives for Older People......Page 605
Case Report......Page 611
Key Terms......Page 614
Discussion Questions......Page 615
References......Page 616
Additional Reading......Page 621
Chapter 12 Mental Illness and Addiction......Page 622
Introduction......Page 625
The Descriptive Epidemiology of Mental Illness and Addiction......Page 629
The Psychobiology of Mental Illness and Addiction......Page 642
Epigenetic Modifications in Mental Illness......Page 652
The Economic Cost of Mental Illness and Addiction......Page 655
Key Terms......Page 659
Discussion Questions......Page 660
References......Page 661
Chapter 13 Injury Etiology, Epidemiology, and Control......Page 668
Introduction......Page 671
Mechanisms of Injury......Page 676
Epidemiology of Injury......Page 678
Pathophysiology of Injury......Page 689
Perception of Risk......Page 694
Injury Control......Page 699
Case Report......Page 704
Key Terms......Page 706
Discussion Questions......Page 707
References......Page 709
Chapter 14 The Natural History of Infectious Diseases......Page 711
Introduction......Page 714
Natural History of Infectious Diseases......Page 716
Population Dynamics......Page 727
Disease Transmission: Modes of Transmission and Control......Page 734
Survival Strategies: r- and K-Strategist Populations......Page 741
Breakpoint Transmission......Page 745
Drug Resistance......Page 748
Eradication versus Control: Smallpox Eradication......Page 752
Key Terms......Page 757
Discussion Questions......Page 758
References......Page 760
Chapter 15 Malaria......Page 764
Introduction......Page 767
Epidemiology of Malaria......Page 773
Malaria Life Cycle and Vectors......Page 776
Clinical Malaria......Page 784
Malaria Diagnosis, Treatment, and Vaccines......Page 793
Malaria Interventions and Control......Page 804
Challenges to Effective Malaria Control......Page 810
Key Terms......Page 813
Discussion Questions......Page 815
References......Page 817
Chapter 16 Tuberculosis......Page 821
Introduction......Page 824
Transmission and Natural History of Tuberculosis......Page 830
Diagnosis of Tuberculosis......Page 835
Treatment of Tuberculosis......Page 838
Tuberculosis Drug Resistance......Page 845
HIV–TB Interface and Comorbidities......Page 849
Interventions and Control of Tuberculosis......Page 854
Case Report......Page 857
Key Terms......Page 859
Discussion Questions......Page 860
References......Page 862
Chapter 17 HIV/AIDS......Page 866
Introduction......Page 869
Global Statistics on HIV/AIDS......Page 871
The Epidemiology and Impacts of HIV/AIDS......Page 874
The Pathobiology of HIV Infection......Page 879
Immunity and HIV......Page 884
The Natural History of HIV Infection......Page 890
Transmission of HIV......Page 895
Diagnosis and Treatment of HIV Infection......Page 902
Prevention and Control of HIV......Page 907
The Global Architecture for HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control......Page 917
Conclusion......Page 922
Key Terms......Page 924
Discussion Questions......Page 925
References......Page 928
Glossary......Page 935
Index......Page 993