An introduction to pharmaceutical chemistry for undergraduate pharmacy, chemistry and medicinal chemistry students. Essentials of Pharmaceutical Chemistry is a chemistry introduction that covers all of the core material necessary to provide an understanding of the basic chemistry of drug molecules. Now a core text on many university courses, it contains numerous worked examples and problems. The 4th edition includes new chapters on Chromatographic Methods of Analysis, and Medicinal Chemistry - The Science of Drug Design.
Author(s): Donald Cairns
Edition: 4
Publisher: Pharmaceutical Press
Year: 2012
Language: English
Pages: 320
Cover
Title page
Half title page
Dedication
Contents
Preface to the fourth edition
Acknowledgements
About the author
Chemistry of acids and bases
Dissociation of weak acids and bases
Hydrolysis of salts
Amphiprotic salts
Buffer solutions
Buffer capacity
Biological buffers
Ionisation of drugs
pKa values of drug molecules
pH indicators
Tutorial examples
Problems
Partition coefficient and biopharmacy
Experimental measurement of the partition coefficient
Shake flask method
Thin-layer chromatography (TLC)
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
Drug absorption, distribution and bioavailability
Passive diffusion
The pH partition hypothesis
Limitations of the pH partition hypothesis
Active transport mechanisms
The action of local anaesthetics
Excretion and reabsorption of drugs
Food and drink
Tutorial examples
Problems
Physicochemical properties of drugs
Carboxylic acids
Phenols
Warfarin
Phenylbutazone
Indometacin
Barbiturates
Phenytoin
Sulfonamides
Basic drugs
Basicity of heterocyclic compounds
Separation of mixtures
Tutorial examples
Problems
Stereochemistry
Polarimetry
Biological systems
Fischer projections
d and l configurations
R and S configurations
Molecules with more than one chiral centre
Stereochemistry case study: thalidomide
Geometrical isomerism
Tutorial examples
Problems
Drug metabolism
Metabolic pathways
Biotransformations
Cytochromes P450
Enzyme induction and inhibition
Drug conjugation reactions (Phase 2)
Glucuronic acid conjugation
Sulfate conjugation
Amino acid conjugation
Miscellaneous conjugation reactions
Stereochemistry
Metabolic pathways for common drugs
Tutorial example
Problems
Volumetric analysis of drugs
Volumetric flask
Pipette
Transfer (or delivery) pipettes
Graduated pipettes
Burettes
Units of concentration
Worked example
Concentration of active ingredients
Design of an assay
Practical points
Weighing by difference
Approximate titre calculation
Use of molarities in calculation
Choice of indicators
Back and blank titrations
Results
Assay of unit-dose medicines
Non-aqueous titrations
REDOX titrations
Compleximetric titrations
Argentimetric titrations
Limit tests
Problems
Analytical spectroscopy
Effect of pH on spectra
Instrumentation
Light source
Monochromator
Detector
Experimental measurement of absorbance
Dilutions
Worked example
Quantitative aspects of spectroscopy
Beer's and Lambert's laws
Methods of drug assay
Derivative spectroscopy
Infrared spectroscopy
Quantitative analysis using infrared spectroscopy
Fluorimetry
Quenching
Structure elucidation
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
Instrumentation
Solvents for NMR
Internal standards
Deuterium exchange
Structure elucidation using NMR
Chemical shift
Integration
Multiplicity and spin--spin coupling
Mass spectrometry
Tutorial examples
Problems
Chromatographic methods of analysis
Definitions used in chromatography
Types of chromatography
Paper chromatography
Thin layer chromatography
Column chromatography
High performance liquid chromatography
Pumps
Injection systems
Columns
Packing materials and mobile phases
Detectors
Chiral chromatography
Gas chromatography
Head-space analysis
Terms used in chromatography
Tutorial examples
Problems
Stability of drugs and medicines
Oxidation
Autoxidation
Initiation
Propagation
Termination
Stability of free radicals
Prevention of oxidative deterioration
Exclusion of oxygen
Use of amber or coloured glass containers
Use of chelating agents
Use of antioxidants
Autoxidation of fats and oils
Ageing
Hydrolysis
Acid-catalysed hydrolysis
Base-catalysed hydrolysis
Examples of drugs susceptible to hydrolysis
Aspirin
Diamorphine
Penicillin
Other mechanisms of degradation
Prodrugs
Tutorial examples
Problems
Kinetics of drug stability
Rate, order and molecularity
Rate equations and first-order reactions
Half-life
Shelf-life
Second-order reactions
Zero-order reactions
Reaction rates and temperature
Tutorial example
Problems
Licensing of drugs and the British Pharmacopoeia
European licensing procedures
Applications for marketing authorisations
British Pharmacopoeia Commission
The British Pharmacopoeia
Medicinal chemistry: the science of rational drug design
How do drugs work?
Enzyme inhibition
Receptor activation/blocking
Where do drugs come from?
Why do we need new drugs?
Existing drugs are not very good
Existing drugs are no longer effective
Appearance of `new' diseases
`Unfashionable' diseases
Answers to problems
Selected bibliography
Index
