Essentials of Dental Radiography and Radiology

Cover
Title page
Table of Contents
Dedication
Copyright
Preface
Acknowledgements
Part I. Introduction
1. The Radiographic Image
Introduction
Nature of the Traditional Two-Dimensional Radiographic Image
Quality of the Traditional Two-Dimensional Radiographic Image
Perception of the Radiographic Image
Types of Traditional Dental Radiographs
Part II. Radiation Physics, Equipment and Radiation Protection
2. The Production, Properties and Interactions of X-rays
Introduction
Atomic Structure
X-Ray Production
Interaction of X-Rays with Matter
3. Dental X-ray Generating Equipment
Introduction
Ideal Requirements
Main Components of the Tubehead
Other X-Ray Generating Apparatus
4. Image Receptors
Introduction
Digital Receptors
Radiographic Film
Characteristics of Radiographic Film
Background Fog Density
Intensifying Screens
Cassettes
Important Practical Points to Note
5. Image Processing
Computer Digital Processing
Chemical Processing
6. Radiation Dose, Dosimetry and Dose Limitation
Dose Units
Dose Limits
Dose Rate
Dose Limitation
7. The Biological Effects Associated with X-rays, Risk and Practical Radiation Protection
Radiation-Induced Tissue Damage
Classification of the Biological Effects
Practical Radiation Protection
Footnote
Part III. Radiography
8. Dental Radiography – General Patient Considerations including Control of Infection
General Guidelines on Patient Care
Specific Requirements When X-Raying Children and Patients with Disabilities
Control of Infection
Micro-Organisms That May Be Encountered
Standard and Transmission-Based Precautions
Infection Control Measures
Footnote
9. Periapical Radiography
Main Indications
Ideal Positioning Requirements
Radiographic Techniques
Anatomy
Bisected Angle Technique
Comparison of The Paralleling and Bisected Angle Techniques
Conclusion
Positioning Difficulties Often Encountered in Periapical Radiography
Assessment of Image Quality
10. Bitewing Radiography
Main Indications
Ideal Technique Requirements
Positioning Techniques
Resultant Radiographs
Assessment of Image Quality
11. Occlusal Radiography
Introduction
Terminology and Classification
Upper Standard (or Anterior) Occlusal
Upper Oblique Occlusal
Lower 90° Occlusal
Lower 45° (or Anterior) Occlusal
Lower Oblique Occlusal
12. Oblique Lateral Radiography
Introduction
Terminology
Main Indications
Basic Technique Principles
Positioning Examples For Various Oblique Lateral Radiographs
Bimolar Technique
13. Skull and Maxillofacial Radiography
Equipment, Patient Positioning and Projections
14. Cephalometric Radiography
Introduction
Main Indications
Equipment
Main Radiographic Projections
Cephalometric Posteroanterior of the Jaws (PA Jaws)
15. Tomography and Panoramic Radiography
Introduction
Tomographic Theory
Panoramic Tomography
Selection Criteria
Equipment
Technique and Positioning
Normal Anatomy
Advantages and Disadvantages
Assessment of Image Quality
Assessment of Not Acceptable Images and Determination of Errors
Footnote
16. Cone Beam Computed Tomography
Main Indications
Equipment and Theory
Technique and Positioning
Normal Anatomy
Radiation Dose
Advantages and Disadvantages
Assessment of Image Quality
Quality Assurance
Footnote
17. The Quality of Radiographic Images and Quality Assurance
Introduction
Quality Assurance (QA)
Digital Image Quality
Quality Control Procedures for Digital Receptors, Computer Processing and Monitors
Film-Based Image Quality
Quality Control Procedures for Film, Chemical Processing and Light Boxes
Patient Preparation and Positioning Technique Errors in Both Digital and Film-Based Imaging
Patient Dose and X-Ray Generating Equipment
Working Procedures
Staff Training and Updating
Audits
Footnote
18. Alternative and Specialized Imaging Modalities
Introduction
Contrast Studies
Radioisotope Imaging
Computed Tomography (CT)
Ultrasound Examinations
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Part IV. Radiology
19. Introduction to Radiological Interpretation
Essential Requirements for Interpretation
Conclusion
20. Dental Caries and the Assessment of Restorations
Introduction
Classification of Caries
Diagnosis and Detection of Caries
Other Important Radiographic Appearances
Limitations Of Radiographic Detection of Caries
Radiographic Assessment of Restorations
Limitations of the Radiographic Image
Suggested Guidelines for Interpreting Bitewing Images
Cone Beam Computed Tomography
21. The Periapical Tissues
Introduction
Normal Radiographic Appearances
The Effects of Normal Superimposed Shadows
Radiographic Appearances of Periapical Inflammatory Changes
Treatment and Imaging in Endodontics
Other Important Causes of Periapical Radiolucency
Suggested Guidelines for Interpreting Periapical Images
22. The Periodontal Tissues and Periodontal Disease
Introduction
Selection Criteria
Radiographic Features of Healthy Periodontium
Classification of Periodontal Diseases
Radiographic Features of Periodontal Disease and the Assessment of Bone Loss and Furcation Involvement
Evaluation of Treatment Measures
Limitations of Radiographic Diagnosis
23. Implant Assessment
Introduction
Main Indications
Main Contraindications
Treatment Planning Considerations
Radiographic Examination
Peri-operative Imaging
Post-operative Evaluation and Follow-Up
Footnote
24. Developmental Abnormalities
Introduction
Classification of Developmental Abnormalities
Typical Radiographic Appearances of The More Common and Important Developmental Abnormalities
Radiographic Assessment of Mandibular Third Molars
Radiographic Assessment of Unerupted Maxillary Canines
25. Radiological Differential Diagnosis – Describing a Lesion
Introduction
Detailed Description of a Lesion
Footnote
26. Differential Diagnosis of Radiolucent Lesions of the Jaws
Introduction
Step-By-Step Guide
Typical Radiographic Features of Radiolucent Cysts and Tumours
Typical Radiographic Features of Tumours
Typical Radiographic Features of Allied Lesions
Footnote
27. Differential Diagnosis of Lesions of Variable Radiopacity in the Jaws
STEP I
STEP II
STEP III
STEP IV
STEP V
Typical Radiographic Features of Abnormalities of the Teeth
Typical Radiographic Features of Conditions of Variable Opacity Affecting Bone
Summary
Typical Radiographic Features of Soft Tissue Calcifications
Typical Radiographic Features of Foreign Bodies
28. Bone Diseases of Radiological Importance
Introduction
Developmental or Genetic Disorders
Infective or Inflammatory Conditions
Hormone-Related Diseases
Blood Dyscrasias
Diseases of Unknown Cause
29. Trauma to the Teeth and Facial Skeleton
Introduction
Injuries to the Teeth and Their Supporting Structures
Skeletal Fractures
Fractures of the Mandible
Fractures of the Middle Third of the Facial Skeleton
Other Fractures and Injuries
30. The Temporomandibular Joint
Introduction
Normal Anatomy
Investigations
Main Pathological Conditions Affecting the TMJ
Footnote
31. The Maxillary Antra
Introduction
Normal Anatomy
Normal Appearance of the Antra on Conventional Radiographs
Antral Disease
Investigation and Appearance of Disease Within the Antra
Infection and Inflammation
Other Paranasal Air Sinuses
32. The Salivary Glands
Salivary Gland Disorders
Investigations
Bibliography and Suggested Reading
Index