Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

Inside front cover
......Page 2
Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, Fifth edition......Page 5
Copyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis Company......Page 6
Preface......Page 7
To the Instructor......Page 8
To the Student......Page 10
Acknowledgments......Page 13
Contents......Page 14
CHAPTER 1: Organization and General Plan of the Body
......Page 19
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION......Page 22
METABOLISM AND HOMEOSTASIS......Page 25
TERMINOLOGY AND GENERAL PLAN OF THE BODY
......Page 30
CHAPTER 2: Some Basic Chemistry
......Page 39
ATOMS......Page 42
CHEMICAL BONDS......Page 43
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS OF IMPORTANCE
......Page 46
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS OF IMPORTANCE
......Page 51
CHAPTER 3: Cells
......Page 65
CELL STRUCTURE......Page 66
CELLULAR TRANSPORT MECHANISMS
......Page 70
THE GENETIC CODE AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
......Page 74
CELL DIVISION......Page 78
AGING AND CELLS......Page 81
CHAPTER 4: Tissues and Membranes
......Page 85
EPITHELIAL TISSUE......Page 88
CONNECTIVE TISSUE......Page 92
MUSCLE TISSUE......Page 97
NERVE TISSUE......Page 99
MEMBRANES......Page 100
AGING AND TISSUES......Page 102
CHAPTER 5: The Integumentary System
......Page 107
THE SKIN......Page 108
SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE......Page 117
AGING AND THEINTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM......Page 119
CHAPTER 6: The Skeletal System
......Page 123
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES......Page 124
FACTORS THAT AFFECT BONE GROWTH AND MAINTENANCE
......Page 126
THE SKELETON......Page 130
AGING AND THE SKELETAL SYSTEM......Page 146
CHAPTER 7: The Muscular System
......Page 153
MUSCLE STRUCTURE......Page 156
MUSCLE TONE......Page 158
ENERGY SOURCES FOR MUSCLE CONTRACTION
......Page 159
MUSCLE FIBER—MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE......Page 160
CONTRACTION—THE SLIDING FILAMENT MECHANISM
......Page 164
RESPONSES TO EXERCISE—MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS......Page 165
MAJOR MUSCLES OF THE BODY......Page 167
CHAPTER 8: The Nervous System
......Page 181
NERVE TISSUE......Page 184
TYPES OF NEURONS......Page 188
THE SPINAL CORD......Page 189
THE BRAIN......Page 194
MENINGES AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
......Page 202
CRANIAL NERVES......Page 204
THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 205
AGING AND THE NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 209
CHAPTER 9: The Senses
......Page 215
CHARACTERISTICS OF SENSATIONS......Page 216
CUTANEOUS SENSES......Page 217
SENSE OF TASTE......Page 218
THE EYE......Page 220
THE EAR......Page 228
AGING AND THE SENSES......Page 234
CHAPTER 10: The Endocrine System
......Page 239
THE PITUITARY GLAND......Page 243
THYROID GLAND......Page 249
PANCREAS......Page 251
ADRENAL GLANDS......Page 254
OVARIES......Page 260
OTHER HORMONES......Page 261
MECHANISMS OF HORMONE ACTION
......Page 262
AGING AND THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
......Page 263
CHAPTER 11: Blood......Page 269
PLASMA......Page 270
BLOOD CELLS......Page 272
CHAPTER 12: The Heart
......Page 291
CHAMBERS—VESSELS AND VALVES......Page 292
CORONARY VESSELS......Page 295
CARDIAC CYCLE AND HEART SOUNDS......Page 296
CARDIAC CONDUCTION PATHWAY......Page 297
CARDIAC OUTPUT......Page 301
REGULATION OF HEART RATE......Page 302
AGING AND THE HEART......Page 304
CHAPTER 13: The Vascular System
......Page 309
VEINS......Page 310
CAPILLARIES......Page 311
PATHWAYS OF CIRCULATION......Page 314
VELOCITY OF BLOOD FLOW......Page 324
BLOOD PRESSURE......Page 325
REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE......Page 328
AGING AND THE VASCULAR SYSTEM
......Page 332
CHAPTER 14: The Lymphatic System and Immunity
......Page 337
LYMPHATIC TISSUE......Page 340
IMMUNITY......Page 345
AGING AND THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
......Page 355
CHAPTER 15: The Respiratory System
......Page 361
DIVISIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
......Page 362
MECHANISM OF BREATHING......Page 365
PULMONARY VOLUMES......Page 369
EXCHANGE OF GASES......Page 372
TRANSPORT OF GASES IN THE BLOOD......Page 373
REGULATION OF RESPIRATION......Page 376
RESPIRATION AND ACID–BASE BALANCE......Page 378
AGING AND THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
......Page 379
CHAPTER 16: The Digestive System
......Page 385
ORAL CAVITY......Page 388
STRUCTURAL LAYERS OF THE ALIMENTARY TUBE
......Page 391
STOMACH......Page 394
SMALL INTESTINE......Page 396
PANCREAS......Page 397
COMPLETION OF DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION
......Page 399
LARGE INTESTINE......Page 403
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF THE LIVER......Page 404
AGING AND THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
......Page 407
CHAPTER 17: Body Temperature and Metabolism
......Page 413
BODY TEMPERATURE......Page 414
METABOLISM......Page 418
AGING AND METABOLISM......Page 431
CHAPTER 18: The Urinary System
......Page 435
KIDNEYS......Page 439
FORMATION OF URINE......Page 442
THE KIDNEYS AND ACID–BASE BALANCE
......Page 446
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF THE KIDNEYS
......Page 447
ELIMINATION OF URINE......Page 449
CHARACTERISTICS OF URINE......Page 450
AGING AND THE URINARY SYSTEM......Page 451
CHAPTER 19: Fluid–Electrolyte and Acid–Base Balance
......Page 457
WATER COMPARTMENTS......Page 460
WATER INTAKE AND OUTPUT......Page 461
ELECTROLYTES......Page 463
ACID–BASE BALANCE......Page 464
AGING AND FLUID AND pH REGULATION
......Page 468
CHAPTER 20: The Reproductive Systems
......Page 473
MEIOSIS......Page 474
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM......Page 475
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM......Page 480
AGING AND THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS
......Page 488
CHAPTER 21: Human Development and Genetics
......Page 493
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT......Page 494
GENETICS......Page 504
CHAPTER 22: An Introduction to Microbiology and Human Disease
......Page 515
CLASSIFICATION OFMICROORGANISMS......Page 516
INFECTIOUS DISEASE......Page 518
EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 521
METHODS OF CONTROL OF MICROBES
......Page 522
THE PATHOGENS......Page 525
Appendix A: Units of Measure
......Page 546
Appendix B: Abbreviations
......Page 548
Appendix C: Normal Values for Some Commonly Used Blood Tests
......Page 550
Appendix D: Normal Values for Some Commonly Used Urine Tests
......Page 551
Appendix E: Eponymous Terms
......Page 552
Appendix F: Prefixes, Combining Word Roots, and Suffixes Used in Medical Terminology
......Page 553
Appendix G: Answers to Illustration Questions
......Page 557
Glossary......Page 565
Index......Page 607