Representation of geographical data using graphs, diagrams and mapping techniques is a key for geographers and for researchers in other disciplines to explore the nature of data, the pattern of spatial and temporal variations and their relationships, and formulation of principles to accurately understand and analyze features on or near the earth’s surface. These modes of representation also enable the development of spatial understanding and the capacity for technical and logical decision making. The book depicts all types of graphs, diagrams and maps, explained in detail with numerous examples. The emphasis is on their appropriate data structure, the relevance of selecting the correct technique, methods of their construction, advantages and disadvantages of their use, and applications of these techniques in analyzing and realizing the spatial pattern of various geographical features and phenomena. This book is unique in that it reflects a perfect correlation between theoretical knowledge of geographical events and phenomena and their realistic implications, with relevant examples using appropriate graphical methods. The book serves as a valuable resource for students, researchers, cartographers and decision makers to analyze and represent various geographical data for a better, systematic and scientific understanding of the real world.
Author(s): Swapan Kumar Maity
Series: Advances in Geographical and Environmental Sciences
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 342
City: Singapore
Preface
Acknowledgements
About This Book
Contents
About the Author
Abbreviations
Symbols
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Concept, Types, Collection, Classification and Representation of Geographical Data
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Concept of Data
1.3 Concept of Geographical Data
1.4 Types of Data (Geographical Data)
1.4.1 Qualitative Data (Attribute)
1.4.2 Quantitative Data (Variable)
1.4.3 Uni-Variate Data and Bi-Variate Data
1.4.4 Difference Between Uni-Variate Data and Bi-Variate Data
1.4.5 Independent Variable and Dependent Variable
1.4.6 Difference Between Qualitative Data (Attribute) and Quantitative Data (Variable)
1.4.7 Primary Data
1.4.8 Secondary Data
1.4.9 Advantages of Use of Primary Data Over the Secondary Data
1.4.10 Difference Between Primary and Secondary Data
1.5 Methods of Data Collection
1.5.1 Methods of Primary Data Collection
1.5.2 Methods of Secondary Data Collection
1.6 Measurement Scales in Geographical System
1.6.1 Nominal Scale
1.6.2 Ordinal Scale
1.6.3 Interval Scale
1.6.4 Ratio Scale
1.7 Processing of Data
1.7.1 Classification of Data
1.7.2 Tabulation of Data
1.7.3 Frequency Distribution
1.8 Methods of Presentation of Geographical Data
1.8.1 Textual Form
1.8.2 Tabular Form
1.8.3 Semi-Tabular Form
1.8.4 Graphical Form (Graphs, Diagrams and Maps)
References
2 Representation of Geographical Data Using Graphs
2.1 Concept of Graph
2.2 Types of Co-ordinate System
2.2.1 Cartesian or Rectangular Co-ordinate System
2.2.2 Polar Co-ordinate System
2.2.3 Cylindrical Co-ordinate System
2.2.4 Spherical Co-ordinate System
2.3 Selection of Scale in Constructing a Graph
2.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Use of Graphs
2.5 Types of Graphical Representation of Data
2.5.1 Bi-axial Graphs or Line Graphs or Historigram
2.5.2 Tri-axial Graphs
2.5.3 Multi-axial Graphs
2.5.4 Special Graphs
2.5.5 Frequency Distribution Graphs
References
3 Diagrammatic Representation of Geographical Data
3.1 Concept of Diagram
3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Data Representation in Diagrams
3.3 Difference Between Graph and Diagram
3.4 Types of Diagrams in Data Representation
3.4.1 One-Dimensional Diagrams
3.4.2 Two-Dimensional Diagrams
3.4.3 Three-Dimensional Diagrams
3.4.4 Other Diagrams
References
4 Mapping Techniques of Geographical Data
4.1 Concept and Definition of Map
4.2 Concept of Plan
4.3 Difference Between Plan and Map
4.4 Elements of a Map
4.5 History of Map-Making
4.5.1 Ancient Age
4.5.2 Mediaeval Age
4.5.3 Modern Age
4.5.4 Contributions of Indian Scholars
4.6 Methods of Mapping the Earth
4.7 Cartography
4.8 Key Concepts of Cartography
4.8.1 Geodesy
4.8.2 Geoid
4.8.3 Ellipsoid or Spheroid
4.8.4 Surveying and Levelling
4.8.5 Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveying
4.8.6 Datum
4.8.7 Reduced Level
4.8.8 Geographic Co-ordinate System
4.8.9 Cardinal Points
4.8.10 Map Projection
4.8.11 Bearing
4.8.12 Magnetic Declination
4.8.13 Magnetic Inclination or Magnetic Dip
4.8.14 Traversing or Traverse Survey
4.8.15 Triangulation Survey
4.8.16 Trilateration Survey
4.8.17 Difference Between Triangulation and Trilateration Survey
4.9 Types of Map
4.9.1 General Reference Maps (General Purpose Maps)
4.9.2 Thematic Maps (Special Purpose Maps)
4.9.3 Types of Thematic Maps
4.10 Types of Maps Based on Scale
4.10.1 Large-Scale Maps
4.10.2 Small-Scale Maps
4.10.3 Medium-Scale Maps
4.11 Based on the Purpose or Content or Function of the Map
4.11.1 Physical or Natural Maps
4.11.2 Cultural Maps
4.12 Techniques for the Study of Spatial Patterns of Distribution of Elements (Distribution Map)
4.12.1 Chorochromatic Map (Colour or Tint Method)
4.12.2 Choroschematic or Symbol Map
4.12.3 Choropleth Map
4.12.4 Dasymetric Map
4.12.5 Isarithmic Map (Isometric Map and Isopleth Map)
4.12.6 Dot Map
4.12.7 Flow Map
4.12.8 Diagrammatic Map
4.13 Importance and Uses of Maps
4.13.1 Measurement of Direction
4.13.2 Measurement of Distance
4.13.3 Measurement of Area
References
Index
