An ulcer is an open sore in the lining of the stomach or intestine. Peptic ulcers are eventually caused by acid and pepsin, a digestive stomach enzyme. These ulcers can occur in the stomach, where they are called gastric ulcers, or they can occur in the first portion of the intestine. These are called duodenal ulcers. Peptic ulcer is a term used to describe either or both of these two types of ulcers. H. pylori and certain drugs are the two major factors that cause ulcers. This issue provides a comprehensive overview of the causes, diagnosis, and treatments of peptic ulcers, including conditions like Zollinger -Ellison syndrome. Articles are devoted to NSAID ulcers and how to prevent them, stress ulcers, and antiplatelet therapy.
Author(s): Guy D. Eslick PhD
Series: The Clinics: Internal Medicine
Edition: 1
Publisher: Saunders
Year: 2009
Language: English
Commentary: 28509
Pages: 185
Cover......Page 1
Preface......Page 2
Dedication......Page 4
Acknowledgments......Page 6
Diagnosis......Page 8
China......Page 9
Early modern period......Page 11
Modern era......Page 17
References......Page 19
Gender......Page 21
World......Page 22
United Kingdom......Page 23
Thailand......Page 26
References......Page 28
Environmental Causes of Esophageal Cancer......Page 30
Tobacco Use......Page 31
Alcohol Consumption......Page 32
Drinking MatE......Page 35
Consumption of Carbonated Soft Drinks......Page 36
Low Intake of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables......Page 37
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs......Page 38
Histamine2 Receptor Antagonists......Page 39
Human Papillomavirus......Page 40
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons......Page 41
Fumonisins......Page 42
Obesity......Page 43
Gastric Atrophy......Page 44
Occupational exposure......Page 45
Summary......Page 46
References......Page 47
Squamous cell carcinoma......Page 61
Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma......Page 62
Screening......Page 63
Surveillance......Page 66
Prevention......Page 70
Summary......Page 71
References......Page 72
Genetic Variations in Esophageal Cancer Risk and Prognosis......Page 76
Acknowledgments......Page 78
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Risk......Page 79
Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Risk......Page 81
Polymorphisms and esophageal cancer prognosis......Page 82
Future directions for research......Page 84
References......Page 85
EUS staging......Page 93
N-Staging......Page 95
M-Staging......Page 97
How good is EUS?......Page 99
Staging in the setting of malignant strictures......Page 100
Summary......Page 101
References......Page 102
The Role of FDG-PET and Staging Laparoscopy in the Management of Patients with Cancer of the Esophagus or Gastroesophageal Junction......Page 105
Positron emission tomography in initial staging......Page 106
Assessing N Stage......Page 107
Limitations and Risk of Positron Emission Tomography......Page 109
Repeat positron emission tomography during or after neoadjuvant therapy as a restaging tool and prognostic marker......Page 110
Staging laparoscopy......Page 115
Summary......Page 117
References......Page 118
New Treatments, New Challenges: Pathology’s Perspective on Esophageal Carcinoma......Page 121
Changes associated with Barrett esophagus: reduplication of the muscularis mucosae and implications for staging......Page 122
Changes associated with Barrett esophagus: paget cells associated with Barrett esophagus or with adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction......Page 125
Photodynamic Therapy......Page 126
Changes associated with ablative therapy: histology......Page 127
Changes associated with chemotherapy and radiation......Page 128
Changes associated with chemotherapy and radiation: mucin pools......Page 129
References......Page 131
Preoperative Therapy for Esophageal Cancer......Page 134
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy......Page 135
Neoadjuvant Radiation Therapy......Page 136
Adjuvant Therapy......Page 138
Combined Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy......Page 139
Phase 3 Trials of Chemoradiotherapy......Page 140
Definitive Chemoradiotherapy Versus Chemoradiotherapy Followed by Surgery......Page 142
Newer chemoradiotherapy regimens......Page 143
Targeted therapies......Page 144
Summary......Page 145
References......Page 146
Traditional Chinese Medicinal Herbs in the Treatment of Patients with Esophageal Cancer: A Systematic Review......Page 152
Acknowledgments......Page 153
Level of blinding......Page 154
Design......Page 155
Outcomes......Page 156
Mortality or survival times......Page 157
Immune function......Page 158
Discussion......Page 161
High Risk of Detection Bias......Page 162
References......Page 164
Preoperative patient assessment and staging......Page 167
Transthoracic esophagectomy (Ivor Lewis esophagectomy)......Page 168
Tri-incisional esophagectomy (McKeown esophagectomy)......Page 169
Minimally invasive esophagectomy......Page 170
Options for esophageal replacement conduit......Page 171
Postoperative management......Page 172
Quality of life and functional status after esophagectomy......Page 173
Low- versus high-volume centers......Page 174
References......Page 175
Future Developments in Esophageal Cancer Research......Page 180
References......Page 183
