Epigenetics: Beyond the Genetics and Medicine

Contents
Preface
Chapter 1
The Concept of Epigenetics
Abstract
Introduction
Epigenetics and Its Importance
Epigenetic Regulations
Mechanisms that Directly Control Gene Expression
Mechanisms that Indirectly Control Gene Expression
Epigenome and Epigenetics
Epigenetic Diseases and Cancer
Cancer and Epigenetics Therapy
The Relationship between Environment, Nutrition, Aging, and Epigenetics
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2
The Relationship between Epigenetics and Diseases/Disorders
Abstract
Introduction
X Chromosome Inactivation
Genomic Stigma
Autoimmune Diseases
Down Syndrome
CHARGE Syndrome
DiGeorge Syndrome
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3
The Role of DNA Methylation and Histone Modifications in Oncogenesis
Abstract
Introduction
Epigenetic Mechanisms
Epigenetic DNA Modifications
Histone Modifications
Methylation of DNA and Histones in Cancer
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4
Epigenetic Effects of MicroRNAs in Oncogenesis
Abstract
Introduction
DNA Methylation
Histone Modifications
RNA Interference (RNAi)
MicroRNA
MicroRNAs and Cancer
miRNAs and Epigenetics
miRNAs Regulated by Epigenetic Mechanisms and Their Expression and the Associated Cancers
miR-9
miR-34 (A and B/C)
miR-124
miR-137
miR-148
Let-7a-3
Epi-miRNA
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5
The Concepts of Epigenomics and Cell Epigenomes
Abstract
Abbreviations
Introduction
Epigenome Characterization
The Profiling Whole Genome Methylation Models
Analysis of the Genome-wide Histone Modification Patterns
A New Frontier in Epigenomics: High-Throughput Sequencing
Epigenomic Marks
Epigenome-Wide Association Studies (EWAS)
Future Perspectives for Epigenomics
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6
The Role of Epigenetics in Cancers
Abstract
Introduction
Human Epigenome Project
International Human Epigenome Consortium
Epigenetic Mechanisms in Cancer Cells
Role of DNA Methylation in Cancer Cells
Role of Histone Modifications in Cancer Cells
Nucleosome Remodeling in Cancer Cells
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) in Cancer Cells
Conclusion
References
Chapter 7
Epigenetics and Microbiota
Abstract
Introduction
The Human Microbiota
The Gut Microbiota
Epigenetics and Microbiota
DNA Methylation and Microbiota
Histone Modifications and Microbiota
Noncoding RNA and Microbiota
Conclusion
References
Chapter 8
The Role of Non-Coding RNAs in Epigenetic Mechanisms
Abstract
Introduction
Non-Coding RNAs (ncRNAs)
MicroRNAs (miRNAs)
Long Non-Coding RNAs (lncRNAs)
PIWI-Interacting RNAs (piRNAs)
Importance of ncRNAs in Epigenetic Mechanisms
Role of ncRNAs in Cancer
The Function of ncRNAs in Other Diseases
Conclusion
References
Chapter 9
General Overview of the Current Methodology in Epigenetics Research
Abstract
Introduction
Histone Modifications
Chromatin Immunopresipitation (ChIP)
3C Chromosome Conformation Capture
DNA Methylation
Southern Blot
Microarray
Restriction Enzyme PCR
Methylation-Specific PCR (MSP)
Methylation-Sensitive Single-Nucleotide Primer Extension
Bisulfite DNA Sequence Analysis
Epigenetic MR
Advantages of the Epigenetic MR Method
Disadvantages of the Epigenetic MRI
RNA-Induced Silencing
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10
Computational Modeling of Epigenetics
Abstract
Introduction
Data Sources for Epigenetic Research
Computational Tools for Epigenetic Research
Computational Examination of DNA Methylation
Computational Examination of Histone Alteration
Conclusion
References
Chapter 11
The Role of Epigenetics in Aging
Abstract
Abbreviations
Introduction
Theoretical Perspectives
The Aging and Chromatin Structure
The Nucleosome Structure and Aging
Aging-Related Post-Translational Modifications (PTMs) of Histone Proteins
Aging-Related Chromatin Modifier Expressions
Telomers in Regard to Aging
Conclusion
References
Chapter 12
Epigenetics and Familial Mediterranean Fever
Abstract
Introduction
Epigenetic Mechanisms
Epigenetics and FMF
Conclusion
References
Chapter 13
Epigenetics in Neurobiological and Neurobehavioral Diseases
Abstract
Introduction
Epigenetic Mechanisms in Autism and Related Disorders
Epigenetic Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Disorders
Epigenetic Mechanisms in Psychotic Disorders
Epigenetic Mechanisms in Mood Based Disorders
Epigenetic Mechanisms in Addiction
Epigenetic Mechanisms in Anxiety, Stress, and Fear Disorders
Epigenetic Mechanisms in Circadian Rhythm
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14
The Role of Epigenetics in Fetal Brain Development
Abstract
Introduction
Definition of Epigenome
DNA Methylation
Brain Development Based on Experience
Relation of Epigenetic Programming Mechanisms with Maternal Care
Exposure to Environmental Pollutants before Birth and Its Impact on Health and Epigenetics Dysregulation
Neural Stem Cell Fate under Epigenetic Control Mechanisms
Inhibitory Effect of Signaling Molecules on Glial Genes to Promote Non-Glial Cells
Activation of Neuronal and Glial Biogenesis
The Implication of ncRNAs during Early Neural Development
Infant Outcomes of Maternal Prenatal Stress
Epigenetic Changes due to Hypoxic Ischemic Damage
Postnatal Epigenetic Effects
Conclusion
References
Chapter 15
Epilepsy and Epigenetics
Abstract
Introduction
Major Epigenetic Mechanisms
DNA Methylation
Histonic Modifications
RNA Based Mechanisms (Non-Coding RNA)
Epilepsy and Epigenetic Mechanisms
Epigenetic Mechanisms Affected in Epilepsy
DNA Methylation in Epilepsy
Histonic Modifications in Epilepsy
Non-Coding RNAs in Epilepsy
Conclusion
References
Chapter 16
Epigenetics and Cardiovascular Diseases
Abstract
Introduction
Epigenetic Mechanisms
DNA Methylation
Histone Modifications
RNA-Based Mechanisms
Conclusion
References
Chapter 17
Epigenetics and Obesity
Abstract
Introduction
The Concept of Epigenetics
Epigenetic Effects of Nutrition
Definition and Etiology of Obesity
Epigenetic Mechanisms Affecting Obesity
DNA Methylation
Histone Modifications
Non-Coding RNAs
Conclusion
References
Chapter 18
Epigenetics and Diabetes
Abstract
Introduction
The Role of Epigenetic Changes in the Development of Diabetes Mellitus
DNA Methylation
Post-Translational Histone Modifications
RNA Methylation and Expression
Metabolic Memory
Conclusion
References
Chapter 19
The Role of Epigenetics in Osteoporosis
Abstract
Introduction
DNA Methylation
Histone Modifications
Non-Coding RNAs
Osteoporosis with its Epigenetic Aspect
Osteoporosis and Epigenetic Drugs
Conclusion
References
Chapter 20
The Role of Epigenetics in Osteoarthritis
Abstract
Introduction
Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis
Role of Epigenetics in OA
DNA Methylation in OA
Histon Modifications in OA
Non-Coding RNAs in OA
Conclusion
References
Chapter 21
Effect of Epigenetic Factors on Degenerative Disc Disease
Abstract
Introduction
Structure of the Intervertebral Disc
Pathogenesis
Etiology
Gene Polymorphism
Collagen Gene Polymorphisms
Type 1 Collagen Gene Polymorphism
Type 9 Collagen Gene Polymorphism
Type 11 Collagen Gene Polymorphism
Aggrecan Gene Polymorphism
Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) Gene Polymorphism
Matrix Metalloproteinase Gene Polymorphisms
MMP-1 Gene Polymorphism
MMP-2 (Gelatinase-A) Gene Polymorphism
MMP-3 (Stromelysin 1) Gene Polymorphism
MMP-9 Gene Polymorphism
MMP-14 Gene Polymorphism
ADAMTS (Aggrecanase) Gene Polymorphism
Epigenetic Mechanism
Conclusion
References
Chapter 22
Epigenetics in Scoliosis
Abstract
Introduction
Historical Development in Scoliosis Clinic
Biomechanical Causes in Scoliosis
Genetic Studies for Scoliosis Pathogenesis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 23
Epigenetics in Endometriosis and Endometrial Cancer
Abstract
Introduction
Endometrial Cycle
Menstrual Cycle
Endometriosis
Endometrial Cancer
Treatment of the Endometrial Cancer
Conclusion
References
Chapter 24
Epigenetics in PCOS
Abstract
Introduction
Conclusion
References
Chapter 25
Epigenetics and Preeclampsia
Abstract
Introduction
Epigenetic Alterations
DNA Methylation
Histone Modification
Non-Coding RNAs
PE and Epigenetic Changes
PE and DNA Methylation
PE and Histone Modification
PE and miRNAs
Maternal Blood Epigenetic Marks in Preeclampsia
Conclusion
References
Chapter 26
Epigenetics and Pain
Abstract
Introduction
Epigenetic Mechanisms
Epigenetic Mechanisms in Chronic Pain
Epigenetic Mechanisms in Neuropathic Pain
Conclusion
References
Chapter 27
Epigenetics and Connective Tissue Diseases
Abstract
Introduction
Epigenetic Mechanisms
DNA Methylation
Histone Modifications
Non-Coding RNAs
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Sjogren’s Syndrome (SS)
Systemic Sclerosis (SSc)
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
Conclusion
References
Chapter 28
Epigenetics and Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
Abstract
Introduction
Epigenetic Mechanisms
RA and Epigenetics
Conclusion
References
Chapter 29
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Epigenetics
Abstract
Introduction
Definition of Epigenetics
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
DNA Methylation in IBDs
Histone Modification in IBDs
IBDs and microRNA
Conclusion
References
Chapter 30
Epigenetic Factors and Surgical Approaches in Gastric Cancers
Abstract
Introduction
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Helicobacter Pylori (Hp)
Dietary Risk Factors
Smoking/Alcohol Consumption
Obesity
EBV (Epstein-Barr Virus)
Socioeconomic Status
Genetic Factors
Epigenetic Factors
Surgery in Gastric Cancer
Conclusion
References
Editors’ Contact Information
Index
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