Epidemiologic Methods: The Essentials is a concise, but thorough volume that provides a solid grounding in core methodologic issues. The book takes a streamlined approached on cohort studies, case-control studies, prevalence studies, randomized trials, demographic studies of morbidity and mortality, ecologic studies, screening, effect modification, bias and confounding. Organized according to study design, with each chapter building on those preceding it, the book provides detailed examples throughout, using data tables and graphs to reinforce methodologic points.
Author(s): Stephen C. Newman
Publisher: Academic Press
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 255
City: London
Front Cover
Epidemiologic Methods
Copyright
Contents
Preface
1 Classic Studies in Epidemiology
1.1 Lind Scurvy Trial
1.2 Semmelweis Puerperal Fever Study
1.3 Farr Cholera Study
1.4 Snow Cholera Study
1.5 Lane-Claypon Breast Cancer Study
1.6 Doll and Hill Lung Cancer Study
1.7 National Health Survey
1.8 MRC Streptomycin Trial
1.9 Salk Polio Vaccine Trial
1.10 Newburgh-Kingston Fluoride Trial
1.11 Framingham Heart Study
References
2 Preliminaries
2.1 Natural History of Disease
2.2 Association and Causation
2.3 Types of Epidemiologic Studies
2.4 Weighted Averages
2.5 Sampling
Probability Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
Stratified Random Sampling
Cluster Sampling
Random Sampling
Nonprobability Sampling
Sampling in Epidemiologic Studies
2.6 Source Populations and Target Populations
2.7 Study Error
Random Error
Systematic Error
References
3 Prevalence Studies
3.1 Prevalence
3.2 Bias in Prevalence Studies
Selection Bias
Information Bias
Misclassification of Case Status
Example: National Comorbidity Survey Replication
Example: Point Prevalence in Hypothetical Population
References
4 Cohort Studies
4.1 Closed Cohort Studies
Binomial Model
Measures of Effect
Example: SARS Study
Example: Down Syndrome Study
4.2 Open Cohort Studies
Exponential Model
Measures of Effect
Example: British Doctors' Study
4.3 Choosing a Measure of Effect
References
5 Populations
5.1 Incidence Rates
5.2 Direct Standardization
5.3 Indirect Standardization
5.4 Age-Period-Cohort Analysis
5.5 Prevalence = Incidence x Duration
5.6 Cross-Sectional Studies
References
6 Effect Modification in Cohort Studies
6.1 Effect Modification and Homogeneity
6.2 Effect Modification and Different Exposures
6.3 Effect Modification and Different Measures of Effect
6.4 Mathematical Models and Interaction
6.5 Qualitative Effect Modification
References
7 Standardization in Cohort Studies
7.1 Closed Cohort Studies
Standardized Measures of Effect
Mantel-Haenszel Measures of Effect
Closed Cohort Studies #1–3
SARS and Down Syndrome Studies
Example: SARS Study
Example: Down Syndrome Study
7.2 Open Cohort Studies
Standardized and Mantel-Haenszel Measures of Effect
Example: British Doctors' Study
References
8 Confounding in Cohort Studies - Part I
8.1 Causal Diagram Confounding
8.2 Counterfactual Confounding in Closed Cohort Studies
8.3 Classical Confounding in Closed Cohort Studies
8.4 Counterfactual and Classical Confounding in Closed Cohort Studies
8.5 Collapsibility in Closed Cohort Studies
8.6 Choosing a Definition of Confounding
8.7 Classical Confounding in Stationary Populations
References
9 Confounding in Cohort Studies - Part II
9.1 Attributable Fractions in Closed Cohort Studies
9.2 Unmeasured Confounders in Closed Cohort Studies
9.3 Controlling Confounding in Cohort Studies
Restriction
Matching
Example: Frequency-matched Closed Cohort Study Based on (Unmatched) Closed Cohort Study #4
References
10 Bias in Cohort Studies
10.1 Selection Bias
10.2 Information Bias
Nondifferential Misclassification of Case Status
Example: Nondifferential Misclassification of Case Status in Closed Cohort Study #5
References
11 Randomized Trials
11.1 Randomized Clinical Trials
Parallel Design
Phase I–IV Clinical Trials
Ethics
Randomization
Example: University Group Diabetes Program
Blinding
Example: Vitamin C Trial
Adherence
Intention to Treat and Per Protocol Analyses
Example: Coronary Drug Project
Factorial Design
Example: Women's Health Initiative
Crossover Design
Example: Migraine Trial
11.2 Randomized Field Trials
11.3 Community Intervention Trials
References
12 Case-Control Studies - Part I
12.1 Case-Control Studies Embedded in Cohort Studies
Cumulative Case-Control Studies
Example: Food Poisoning Study
Case-Cohort Studies
Density Case-Control Studies
Nested Case-Control Studies
Example: Physicians' Health Study
12.2 Population-Based Case-Control Studies
Selection of Cases
Selection of Controls
12.3 Hospital-Based Case-Control Studies
Selection of Cases
Selection of Controls
12.4 Case-Control Studies in a Stationary Population
Population-Based Case-Control Studies
Hospital-Based Case-Control Studies
Example: Heart Attack Study
12.5 Ratio of Controls to Cases
References
13 Case-Control Studies - Part II
13.1 Bias in Case-Control Studies
Selection Bias
Information Bias
Nondifferential Misclassification of Exposure Status
Example: Nondifferential Misclassification of Exposure Status in a Cumulative Case-Control Study
13.2 Stratification in Case-Control Studies
Effect Modification
Standardized Odds Ratio
Mantel-Haenszel Odds Ratio
13.3 Confounding in Case-Control Studies
Confounding in Case-Cohort Studies
Counterfactual Confounding
Classical Confounding
Example: Case-Cohort Study Embedded in Closed Cohort Study #4
Confounding in Population-Based Case-Control Studies
Classical Confounding
13.4 Controlling Confounding in Case-Control Studies
Matching in Case-Control Studies
Example: Matched Case-Cohort Study Embedded in Closed Cohort Study #4 (Matching Variable is a Risk Factor for the Disease)
Example: Matched Case-Cohort Study Embedded in Closed Cohort Study #8 (Matching Variable is not a Risk Factor for the Disease)
Statistical Efficiency of Matching in Case-Control Studies
Ratio of Controls to Cases
Example: Vaginal Cancer Study
References
14 Ecologic Studies
14.1 Ecologic Bias
References
15 Screening in Populations
15.1 Natural History of Disease
15.2 Screening Programs
15.3 Validity of Screening Tests
15.4 Reliability of Screening Tests
15.5 Randomized Screening Trials
References
A Appendix for Chapter 2
Bracket Convention
A.1 Proof of Item 1 of Section 2.4
B Appendix for Chapter 3
B.1 Proof of (3.5)
C Appendix for Chapter 4
C.1 Proof of (4.4)–(4.6)
C.2 Proof of (4.10)
D Appendix for Chapter 5
D.1 Proof of (5.8)
D.2 sIR is a Weighted Average
D.3 Proof of (5.18)
E Appendix for Chapter 6
E.1 Proof of (6.6)
E.2 Proof of (6.7)
E.3 Proof of (6.8)
E.4 Proof of (6.11)
E.5 Proof of (6.15)
F Appendix for Chapter 7
F.1 sRR, sRD, RRMH, ORMH, RDMH are Weighted Averages
F.2 sIR, sID, IRMH, IDMH are Weighted Averages
F.3 Proof of (7.11)
G Appendix for Chapter 8
G.1 Proof of (8.2)
G.2 Proof of (8.3)
G.3 Proof of Item 1 of Section 8.4
G.4 Proof of Item 2 of Section 8.4
G.5 Proof of Item 1 of Section 8.5
G.6 Proof of Item 2 of Section 8.5
H Appendix for Chapter 9
H.1 No Counterfactual Confounding Implies a0(1)=R0n1
H.2 Proof of (9.7)
H.3 Proof of (9.5)
H.4 Proof of First Equality in (9.8)
H.5 Proof of Second Equality in (9.8)
H.6 Proof of First Equality in (9.6)
H.7 Proof of Second Equality in (9.6)
H.8 Proof of (9.9)
I Appendix for Chapter 10
I.1 Proof of (10.1)
I.2 Proof of (10.2)
I.3 Proof of (10.3)
I.4 Proof of (10.4)
I.5 OR*=1 is Equivalent to OR=1
I.6 Formula for OR*/OR in Fig. 10.1
J Appendix for Chapter 12
J.1 Proof of (12.5)
K Appendix for Chapter 13
K.1 Proof of (13.1)
K.2 O͠R*=1 is Equivalent to OR=1
K.3 Formula for O͠R*/OR in Fig. 13.2
K.4 Proof of (13.3)
K.5 Proof of (13.4)
K.6 sO͠R is a Weighted Average
K.7 Proof of (13.6)
K.8 Proof of (13.7)
K.9 O͠R<>sO͠R if and Only if R0<>R0(1) in Case-Cohort Studies
K.10 Proof of (13.8)
K.11 Proof of (13.9)
L Appendix for Chapter 14
L.1 Proof of (14.5)
M Appendix for Chapter 15
M.1 Proof of (15.3)
M.2 Proof of (15.7)
M.3 Raters are Perfectly Valid or Perfectly Invalid
Index
Back Cover
