U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2008. 555 p. - EPA420-R-08-001Industry Characterization
Marine
Introduction
Marine Diesel Engine Manufacturers
Marine Vessel Manufacturers
Vessel Operators
Locomotive
Introduction
Current Emission Regulations
Supply: Locomotive Manufacturing and Remanufacturing
Demand: Railroads
Existing Regulations
Foreign Railroads in US
Air Quality and Resulting Health and Welfare Effects of Air Pollution from
Mobile Sources
Particulate Matter
Science of PM Formation
Health Effects of PM Pollution
Current PM2.5 Levels
Projected PM2.5 Levels
Environmental Effects of PM Pollution
Ozone
Science of Ozone Formation
Health Effects of Ozone Pollution
Current 8-Hour Ozone Levels
Projected 8-Hour Ozone Levels
Environmental Effects of Ozone Pollution
Air Quality Modeling Methodology
Air Quality Modeling Overview
Model Domain and Configuration
Model Inputs
CMAQ Evaluation
Model Simulation Scenarios
sibility Modeling Methodology
Air Toxics
Diesel Exhaust PM
Other Air Toxics—benzene, 1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, POM, naphthalene
Emission Inventory
Commercial Marine Diesel Engines
General Methodology
Baseline (Pre-Control) Inventory Development
Control Inventory Development
Projected Commercial Marine Emission Reductions of Final Rule
Recreational Marine Diesel Engines
General Methodology
Baseline (Pre-Control) Inventory Development
Control Inventory Development
Projected Recreational Marine Emission Reductions of Final Rule
Locomotives
General Methodology
Baseline (Pre-Control) Inventory Development
Control Inventory Development
Projected Locomotive Emission Reductions from the Final Rule
Projected Total Emission Reductions from the Final Rule
Contribution of Marine Diesel Engines and Locomotives to Baseline National Emission Inventories
Categories and Sources of Data
PM2.5 Contributions to Baseline
NOx Contributions to Baseline
OC Contributions to Baseline
CO Contributions to Baseline
SO2 Contributions to Baseline
Contribution of Marine Diesel Engines and Locomotives to Non-Attainment Area Emission Inventories
Emission Inventories Used for Air Quality Modeling
Comparison of Air Quality and Final Rule Inventories
Locomotive Inventory Changes
Marine Diesel Inventory Changes
Locomotive and Marine Technological Feasibility
Overview of Emissions Standards and Emission Control Technologies
Emission Control Technologies for Remanufactured Engine Standards and for Tier
New Engine Interim Standards
Diesel Combustion and Pollutant Formation
Engine-out Emission Control
Feasibility of Tier 4 Locomotive and Marine Standards
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) NOx Control Technology
PM and HC Exhaust Aftertreatment Technology
SCR and CDPF Packaging Feasibility
Mechanical Durability of Aftertreatment Components
Stakeholder Concerns Regarding Locomotive NOx Standard Feasibility
Feasibility of Marine NTE Standards
Lead Time
Conclusions
Engineering Cost Estimates
Methodology for Estimating Engine and Equipment Engineering Costs
Engineering Costs for Freshly Manufactured Engines
Fixed Engineering Costs
Variable Engineering Costs
Engineering Costs for Freshly Manufactured Equipment
Fixed Engineering Costs
Variable Engineering Costs
Operating Costs for Freshly Manufactured Tier 4 Engines
Increased Operating Costs Associated with Urea Use
Increased Operating Costs Associated with DPF Maintenance
Increased Operating Costs Associated with Fuel Consumption Impacts
Total Increased Operating Costs Associated with Freshly Manufactured Tier Engines
Engineering Hardware Costs and Operating Costs Associated with the Locomotive
and Marine Remanufacturing Programs
Summary of Final Program Engineering Costs
Engineering Costs for Freshly Manufactured Engines
Engineering Costs for Freshly Manufactured Equipment
Operating Costs for Freshly Manufactured Tier 4 Engines
Engineering Hardware and Operating Costs for Remanufactured Engines
Total Engineering and Operating Costs Associated with the Final Program
Engineering Costs and Savings Associated with Idle Reduction Technology
Analysis of Energy Effects
Cost Effectiveness
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Overview
Air Quality Impacts for Benefits Analysis
Converting CMAQ Outputs to Full-Season Profiles for Benefits Analysis
Ozone and PM2.5 Air Quality Results
Characterizing Uncertainty: Moving Toward a Probabilistic Framework for Benefits
Assessment
Health Impact Functions
Potentially Affected Populations
Effect Estimate Sources
Baseline Incidence Rates
Economic Values for Health Outcomes
Mortality Valuation
Hospital Admissions Valuation
Asthma-Related Emergency Room Visits Valuation
Minor Restricted Activity Days Valuation
School Absences
Benefits Analysis Results for the Final Standards
Comparison of Costs and Benefits
Appendix A: Health-Based Cost Effectiveness Analysis .
Appendix B: Sensitivity Analyses of Key Parameters in the Benefits Analysis
Economic Impact Analysis
Overview and Results
What is an Economic Impact Analysis?
What Methodology Did EPA Use in this Economic Impact Analysis?
What Economic Sectors are Included in the Economic Impact Model?
Summary of Results
Economic Methodology
Behavioral Economic Models
What is the Economic Theory Underlying the EIM?
How Is the EIM Used to Estimate Economic Impacts?
EIM Data Inputs and Model Solution
Market Equilibrium Conditions
Compliance Costs
Behavioral Parameters
Economic Impact Model Structure
Estimating Impacts
Methods for Describing Uncertainty
Appendix A: Impacts on Marine Engine Markets
Appendix B: Impacts on the Equipment Markets
Appendix C: Impacts on Transportation Service Markets
Appendix D: Time Series of Social Costs
Appendix E: Model Equations
Economic Model Equations
Supply Equations
Demand Equations
Market Equilibrium Conditions
Computing With-Regulation Equilibrium Conditions within Spreadsheet
Social Costs: Consumer and Producer Economic Welfare Calculations
Appendix F: Elasticity Parameters for Economic Impact Modeling
Appendix G: Initial Market Equilibrium - Price Forecasts
Appendix H: Sensitivity Analysis
Model Elasticity Parameters
Fixed Cost Shift Scenario
Marine Operating Cost Scenario
Regulatory Alternatives
Alternatives Considered
Alternative: Proposed Program from the NPRM
Alternative: Exclusion of Remanufacturing Standards
Alternative: Elimination of Tier
Alternative: Tier 4 Exclusively in Emission Inventory Impacts
Methodology
Analysis
Summary of Results
Alternative: Proposed Program from the NPRM
Alternative: Exclusion of Remanufacturing Standards
Alternative: Elimination of Tier
Alternative: Tier 4 Exclusively in 2013
