Enzymes in the Valorization of Waste: Next-Gen Technological Advances for Sustainable Development of Enzyme based Biorefinery

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Notes on the Editor
List of Contributors
List of Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Enzyme-based Biorefinery for Conversion of Waste to Value-added Products
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Sources and Various Types of Waste
1.2.1 Wastewater
1.2.2 Food Waste
1.2.3 Agricultural Waste
1.3 Enzymes Involved and their Role in Biorefinery
1.3.1 Cellulases
1.3.2 Hemicellulases
1.3.3 Amylases
1.3.4 Lignocellulolytic Enzymes
1.3.5 Pectinolytic Enzymes
1.3.6 Lipases
1.3.7 Proteases
1.4 Configurations of Waste Biorefineries
1.4.1 Waste Biorefineries with Multiple Platforms
1.4.2 Waste Biorefinery Output
1.5 Scope/Boundary Conditions of Waste Biorefineries
1.5.1 ‘Waste Biorefineries’ Underlying Concepts
1.5.2 Technical and Economic Sustainability
1.5.3 Sustainability in the Environment
1.5.4 Market Potential
1.6 Implementation of Waste Biorefinery Frameworks
1.7 Value-Added Products Generated
1.7.1 Agricultural Products
1.7.1.1 Lignocellulosic Agricultural Byproducts
1.7.2 Organic Acids
1.7.3 Energy/Fuel
1.7.4 Industrial Products
1.7.5 Algae-based Products
1.7.6 Pharmaceutical Products
1.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2: Valorization of Biowaste to Biowealth Using Cellulase Enzyme During Prehydrolysis Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation Process
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Materials and Methods
2.2.1 Materials
2.2.2 Pretreatment
2.2.3 Yeast Culture
2.2.4 PSSF Experiment
2.2.5 Ethanol Tolerance Assay
2.2.6 Analytical Methods
2.2.7 Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF)
2.3 Results and Discussion
2.3.1 Culture Media Fermentation
2.3.2 Ethanol Tolerance Assay
2.3.3 Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF)
2.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: Enzyme-associated Bioconversion of Agro-waste Materials via Macrofungi Cultivation for Sustainable Next-gen Ecosystems
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Agro-waste as a Key To Sustainability
3.3 Macrofungi: An Incredible Enzyme Factory
3.4 Bioconversion: A Fundamental Concept of Biorefinery Systems
3.4.1 Different Bioconversion Pathways
3.4.2 Concepts of Biorefineries
3.4.3 Bioconversion of Agro-wastes
3.5 Macrofungal Cultivation: An Enzyme-associated Biorefinery Process
3.5.1 An Integrated Biorefinery System of Macrofungal Cultivation
3.5.2 The Technological Evolution of the System
3.5.3 Solid-state and Submerged Fermentation Systems for Utilization of Agro-waste
3.5.4 Advantages of Using Macrofungi and Agro-waste
3.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Extremophilic Bacteria and Archaea in the Valorization of Metalloids: Arsenic, Selenium, and Tellurium
4.1 Means and Inputs of Metalloids Into the Environment
4.2 Bioremediation Processes Using Extremophilic Microorganisms; Benefits Over Physicochemical Technologies
4.3 Extremophilic Microorganisms and their Versatility in the Removal of Metalloids
4.4 Economics and Feasibility for Bioremediation Processes
References
Chapter 5: Enzyme Purification Strategies
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Prerequisites for Enzyme Purification
5.2.1 Source and Enzyme Type
5.2.2 Assay
5.3 Conventional Enzyme Purification Strategies
5.3.1 Based On Charge/Solubility
5.3.1.1 Precipitation
5.3.1.2 Ion Exchange Chromatography
5.3.1.3 Isoelectric Focusing Electrophoresis
5.3.2 Based on the Size
5.3.2.1 Dialysis/Ultrafiltration
5.3.2.2 Centrifugation
5.3.2.3 Size Exclusion/Gel Filtration Chromatography
5.3.3 Based On Affinity
5.3.3.1 Affinity Chromatography
5.3.3.2 Adsorption Chromatography
5.3.3.3 Affinity Precipitation
5.4 Other Enzyme Purification Strategies
5.4.1 Aqueous Two-phase System (ATPS)
5.4.2 Three-phase Partitioning (TPP) System
5.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6: Overview of the Enzyme Support System of Immobilization for Enhanced Efficiency and Reuse of Enzymes
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Advantages of Enzyme Immobilization
6.3 Factors for the Cost of Enzyme Immobilization
6.4 Enzyme Immobilization Methodology and Strategies
6.4.1 Adsorption of Enzymes
6.4.2 Entrapment/Encapsulation of Enzymes
6.4.3 Covalent Immobilization of Enzymes
6.4.4 Cross-linking of Enzymes
6.5 Material Selection and Types for Immobilization of Enzymes
6.5.1 Organic Materials Used for Immobilization
6.5.1.1 Natural Polymers
6.5.1.1.1 Alginate, Cellulose, Chitin and Chitosan, Starch, Sepharose
6.5.2 Some Synthetic Polymers for Immobilization
6.5.3 Inorganic Supports for Immobilization
6.6 Surface Analysis Technologies for the Characterization of Immobilization
6.6.1 Analysis Technologies for Immobilized Enzymes
6.7 General Reactors Utilized in Industry for Biocatalysis Reactions
6.7.1 Enzyme Application
6.7.2 Immobilized Enzymes in the Food Industry
6.7.3 HFSC Production by D-glucose/Xylose Isomerases
6.7.4 Epimerase Action on Allulose
6.7.5 Immobilized Enzymes for the Chemical Industry
6.7.6 Lipase CalB for Chiral Amines
6.7.7 Acrylates and Organosilicone Esters or Amides Processing by Lipase CalB
6.7.8 Role of Enzymes Immobilization in Pharmaceutical Industry
6.7.9 Lipase CalB for Odanacatib
6.7.10 Sofosbuvir Bio-catalysis by Lipase CalB
6.7.11 Importance of Enzyme Immobilization in Biomedical Devices and Biosensors
6.7.11.1 Lipases in Biomedical Devices
6.7.11.2 Urease in Medical Devices
6.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: Nanobiotechnology in Enzyme-based Biorefinement and Valorization of Waste
7.1 Overview of Nanobiotechnology
7.1.1 Historical Basis
7.1.2 Nanomaterials: Types and Definition
7.1.3 Effect of Nanomaterials on Organisms
7.1.3.1 NPs Effect on Biofilms
7.1.3.2 NPs Effect on Host Microbiota
7.2 Waste Feedstocks for Valorization
7.2.1 Organic Wastes
7.2.2 Inorganic Wastes
7.3 Microbially Synthesized Nanomaterials
7.3.1 Metal Containing Nanoparticles
7.3.2 Bioplastics
7.3.3 Biofertilizers
7.4 Protein-mediated Nanomaterial Refinement
7.4.1 Cell-free Systems and Magnetic Nanoparticles
7.4.2 Nanowire Production by Electrically Active Bacteria
7.4.3 Photosynthetic NP Production
7.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Bioinformatics Integration to Biomass Waste Biodegradation and Valorization
8.1 Introduction
8.2 First-generation Valorisation
8.2.1 Overview of Primary Methods
8.2.2 Biogas Production
8.2.3 Biohydrogen Production
8.2.3.1 Basic Concepts of Biohydrogen Generation by Biohythane and Dark Fermentation
8.2.3.2 Biohydrogen and Biohythane Synthesis from Biowaste: Techniques and Applications
8.2.3.2.1 Method of Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT)
8.2.3.2.2 Method of Organic Loading Rate (OLR)
8.2.3.2.3 Hydrogenotrophic Activity Inhibition
8.2.3.2.4 Biohydrogen and Biomethane Yields
8.2.3.3 The Two-phase Methodology of Automatic Control and Its Successful Application Using Research Developments and Potential Barriers
8.3 Second-generation Valorization
8.3.1 Overview of Primary Methods
8.3.2 Key Challenges
8.3.3 Applications of Functional Foods
8.4 Bioinformatics Systems: Tools and Databases
8.4.1 Databases
8.4.1.1 The University of Minnesota Biocatalysis/Biodegradation Database (UM-BBD)
8.4.1.2 OxDBase
8.4.1.3 The Bionemo Database
8.4.1.4 MetaCyc
8.4.1.5 BioCyc
8.4.2 Pathway Prediction Systems
8.4.2.1 The UM-BBD-Pathway Prediction System (PPS)
8.4.2.2 PathPred
8.4.2.3 The Biochemical Network Integrated Computer Explorer (BNICE)
8.4.2.4 From Metabolite to Metabolite (FMM)
8.4.2.5 Metabolic Tinker
8.4.3 Chemical Toxicity Prediction Using Computational Methodologies
8.4.4 Next-generation Sequencing: Genome Sequences of Xenobiotic Degrading Bacteria
8.5 Computer-aided Molecular Design (CAMD)
8.5.1 CAMD Software
8.5.1.1 Library-based
8.5.1.2 Intelligent
8.6 Technology Coefficients
8.7 Biomethanization: Green Waste Valorisation Technology
8.7.1 Methodology
8.7.1.1 Site Sampling and Biomethanization Facilities
8.7.1.2 Next-generation Sequencing
8.7.1.3 Sequencing Data Processing
8.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Cell Surface Engineering: A Fabrication Approach Toward Effective Valorization of Waste
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Conventional Strategies Used in the Production of Bioethanol
9.3 Consolidated Bioprocessing (CBP)
9.3.1 Structural Composition of Natural Cellulosomes of Clostridium thermocellum and Recombinant Minicellulosomes
9.4 Protein Cell Surface Display
9.4.1 Approaches for Cell Surface Display
9.4.2 Yeast – Arming Yeast
9.5 Cell Surface Engineering in the Valorization of Waste
9.5.1 Construction of Whole-cell Biocatalyst for Biofuel Production
9.5.2 For Bioadsorption of Heavy and Toxic Metal and Bioremediation
9.6 Evolution of Enzymes by Cell Surface Engineering
9.6.1 Tailoring GPI Anchors
9.6.2 Inhibitor Tolerance
9.6.3 Metabolic Engineering Approach
9.6.4 Genetic Engineering Approach
9.6.5 Immobilization of Enzymes on the Cell Surface
9.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 10: Economics of the Biochemical Conversion-based Biorefinery Concept for the Valorization of Lignocellulosic Biomass
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Market Potential
10.3 Lignocellulosic Biomass with Low-lignin Composition
10.4 Biotechnological Conversion of Green Waste
10.4.1 Production of Enzymes
10.4.1.1 Technical Problems in Isolation and Recovery of Enzymes
10.4.2 Production of Levulinic acid and Succinic Acid
10.4.3 Production of Furfuraldehyde and 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural
10.4.4 Production of Other Valuable Substances
10.4.5 Electrode Materials from Green Waste
10.5 Bio-circular Economy in a Biorefinery Concept
10.5.1 The Biorefinery Concept
10.5.2 Enzymes from Green Waste
10.5.3 Bioplastics from Green Waste
10.5.4 Biopesticides from Green Waste
10.6 Economics of Green Waste and Future Perspectives
10.7 Conclusion
References
Index