"Enzymes in Valorization of waste: Enzymatic pre-treatment of waste for development of enzyme based biorefinery" focusses on the role of key delignifying enzymes (Laccase, MnP, LiP and LPMO’s) involved in biomass pre-treatment. The role of these enzymes such as hemicellulose, chitinases, and pectinases are discussed exhaustively including enzyme assisted recovery of high value phenolic compounds and value-added compounds generated during the pre-treatment process. All chapters cover broad topics and thematic areas associated with the pre-treatment step of biorefinery including enzyme mediated water treatment and its associated applications in biofuels, biorefineries and bioconversion.
Features:
- Highlights mechanistic approach how the enzyme being able to regulate the delignification.
- Discusses advantages of the enzymatic delignification over other physical and chemical methods.
- Illustrates role of enzymes such as pectinase and chitinases and breaking down of biomass recalcitrance due to presence of pectin and chitin.
- Consolidates details on de-lignifying enzymes ((Laccase, MnP, LiP and LPMO’s) suitable in biomass pretreatment.
- Explores role of delignifying enzymes in high value phenolic compounds recovery during the enzymatic delignification.
This book aims at Graduate students, Researchers and related Industry Professionals in Biochemical Engineering, Environmental Science, Wastewater Treatment, Biotechnology, Applied Microbiology, Biomass Based Biorefinery, Biochemistry, Green Chemistry, Sustainable Development, Waste Treatment, Enzymology, Microbial Biotechnology, and Waste Valorization.
Author(s): Pradeep Verma
Series: Novel Biotechnological Applications for Waste to Value Conversion
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 258
City: Boca Raton
Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Editor
Contributors
Conflict of Interest
Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Pretreatment Methods for Overcoming Biomass Recalcitrance
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Structural Composition of Lignocellulosic Biomass
1.2.1 Cellulose
1.2.2 Hemicellulose
1.2.3 Lignin
1.3 Chemical Interactions Among the Components of Lignocellulosic Biomass
1.3.1 Intrapolymer Linkages
1.3.2 Interpolymer Linkages
1.4 Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass
1.4.1 Physical Pretreatment
1.4.1.1 Mechanical Grinding
1.4.1.2 Liquid Hot Water Pretreatment
1.4.1.3 Pretreatment by Radiation
1.4.2 Chemical Pretreatment
1.4.2.1 Dilute Acid Pretreatment
1.4.2.2 Dilute Alkali Pretreatment
1.4.2.3 Ionic Liquids
1.4.2.4 Organosolv Pretreatment
1.4.2.5 Deep Eutectic Solvent Pretreatment
1.4.3 Physicochemical Pretreatment
1.4.3.1 Steam Explosion
1.4.3.2 Ammonia Fiber Explosion (AFEX)
1.4.3.3 Oxidative Pretreatment
1.4.4 Biological Pretreatment
1.4.5 Combination of Pretreatment Methods
1.4.5.1 Alkaline Pretreatment Combined with Dilute Acid Pretreatment
1.4.5.2 Dilute Acid Pretreatment Combined with Steam Explosion Pretreatments
1.4.5.3 Microwave-assisted Alkali Pretreatment
1.5 Formation of Inhibitors During Pretreatment of Biomass
1.5.1 Origin of Inhibitors and Mechanism of Inhibition
1.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2: Lignocellulosic Biomass for Biofuels Production, an Integrated Approach
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Supply Chain Network and Biomass Process Integration
2.2.1 Supply Chain Network Structures
2.2.2 Biomass Conversion Processes and Integration of Biological Processes
2.3 Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Feedstock Sources for Biological Processes
2.3.1 Mechanical Pretreatments
2.3.1.1 High-pressure Homogenization (HPH)
2.3.1.2 Steam Explosion Pretreatment
2.3.1.3 Hot Water
2.3.1.4 Microwave Radiation
2.3.2 Chemical Pretreatments
2.3.2.1 Acid-Base Pretreatments
2.3.2.2 Ammonia-base Pretreatments
2.3.2.3 Organic Solvents
2.3.2.4 Organic Solvents Combined with Oxidants
2.3.2.5 Microwave-assisted Solvolysis
2.3.2.6 Ionic Liquids
2.3.3 Lignin Recovery in Pulp Mills
2.4 Biological Processes for Integration with Biomass Activities or Other Conversion Processes
2.4.1 Hydrolysis and Fermentation for Ethanol Production
References
Chapter 3: Laccase-mediated Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Current Status and Future Prospects
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Sources of Laccases
3.2.1 Fungal Laccase
3.2.2 Bacterial Laccase
3.2.3 Plant Laccase
3.2.4 Insect Laccase
3.3 Structural Characteristics of Laccase
3.4 The Catalytic Mechanism of Laccase
3.5 Approaches for Better Biocatalytic Action of Laccase
3.6 Perspective
3.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4: Lignin Peroxidases and Their Relevance in Lignin-based Circular Bioeconomy: A Microbial Treasure for Sustainable Development
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Structural Components of Lignocellulosic Biomass
4.3 Enzymatic Systems Involved in the Cessation of the Lignocellulosic Organization
4.3.1 Cellulolytic Enzymes
4.3.2 Xylanolytic Enzymes
4.3.3 Ligninolytic Enzymes
4.3.3.1 Laccases
4.3.3.2 Peroxidases
4.4 Mechanism of Lignin Peroxidase Catalytic Reactions
4.5 Microbial Production of Lignin Peroxidases
4.6 Challenges in Lignin Peroxidase Production for Industrial Applications
4.7 Applications of Lignin Peroxidase
4.7.1 Biodegradation of Environmental Pollutants
4.7.2 Cosmetic Industries
4.7.3 Paper and Pulp Industries
4.7.4 Valorization of Biomass for Value-Added Products
4.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5: Structure, Properties, and Functions of Manganese Peroxidase for Enzymatic Pretreatment of Waste Biomass
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Enzyme-mediated Pretreatment of Waste Biomass
5.3 Manganese Peroxidase: A Brief History
5.4 Structure and Properties of Manganese Peroxidase
5.4.1 The Overall Crystal Structure
5.4.2 The Heme Environment and Peroxide Binding Site
5.4.3 The Manganese Binding Site
5.4.4 The Role of Calcium Ions
5.5 Mechanism of Action and Catalytic Pathway
5.5.1 Mechanism of Action on Phenolic Lignin Substrates
5.5.2 Mechanism of Action on Non-phenolic Lignin Substrates
5.6 Factors Affecting Enzyme-assisted Pretreatment
5.6.1 Fungal Strain
5.6.2 Moisture Content
5.6.3 Aeration
5.6.4 Source of Carbon
5.6.5 Concentration and Source of Nitrogen
5.6.6 Temperature
5.6.7 Acidity
5.7 Versatile Peroxidase: An Amalgam of MnP and LiP
5.8 Future Perspective
5.9 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 6: An Overview of Pretreatment Strategies for the Development of Enzyme-based Biorefinery with Special Emphasis on Pectinases
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass
6.2.1 Different Methods of Pretreatment
6.2.1.1 Physical Pretreatment
6.2.1.1.1 Thermal Pretreatment
6.2.1.1.2 Mechanical Pretreatment
6.2.1.1.3 Ultrasound Pretreatment
6.2.1.2 Physicochemical Pretreatment
6.2.1.2.1 Steam Explosion
6.2.1.2.2 Liquid Hot Water Pretreatment
6.2.1.2.3 Radiation Pretreatment
6.2.1.3 Chemical Pretreatment
6.2.1.3.1 Acid Pretreatment
6.2.1.3.2 Alkaline Pretreatment
6.2.1.4 Biological Pretreatment
6.2.1.4.1 Enzymatic Pretreatment
6.2.1.4.2 Fungal and Microbial Consortium Pretreatment
6.2.1.4.3 Aerobic Digestion
6.3 Merits and Demerits of Different Pretreatment Methods
6.4 Pretreatment of Lignocellulose Biomass Using Pectinase Enzyme
6.4.1 Structure of Pectinase Enzyme
6.4.2 Mechanism of Pectinase in the Pretreatment of Waste Biomass
6.5 Future Prospects and Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Chitinases: Structure, Function, and Valorization of Marine Shell Waste
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Chitin and Its Derivatives: Their Structures and Properties
7.3 Conventional Methods of Chitin Recovery
7.3.1 Chemical Conversion of Chitin to Chitosan and Chito- oligosaccharide
7.4 Classification of Chitinases
7.4.1 Structural Diversity of Chitinases
7.4.2 Chitinases: Types and Mechanism of Action
7.5 Screening, Production, and Purification of Chitinases
7.5.1 Screening and Isolation of Chitinase Producing Organisms
7.5.1.1 Screening of Bacteria
7.5.1.2 Screening of Fungi
7.5.2 Production of Chitinase
7.5.3 Extraction and Purification of Chitinases
7.6 Chitinase Assay Development
7.7 Role of Chitinases
7.8 Application of Chitinases
7.8.1 Enzymatic Valorization of Marine Waste
7.8.2 Effect of Pretreatment Process
7.8.3 Chitinase for Hydrolysis
7.9 Future Perspective
References
Chapter 8: Pretreatment and Valorization of Textile-Wastewaters by Haloarchaea
8.1 Textile Factory Effluents
8.1.1 Various Constituents and Their Harmful Effects
8.1.2 Characteristics of Textile Effluents
8.1.3 Characteristics of the Real Effluent Discharged from Textile Factories
8.2 Conventional Biotreatment Processes
8.2.1 Biological Methods
8.2.2 Chemical Methods
8.2.3 Physical Methods
8.3 Microbes, Bioreactors Used and Difficulties Encountered
8.4 Biohydrolysis of Cellulose
8.4.1 Cellulases
8.5 Halophiles and Haloarchaea in Treatment of Textile Effluents
8.6 Predicted Biorefinery, Environmental Clean Technology
References
Chapter 9: Evolution of Biological Pretreatment Methods for Agricultural Residues and Defatted Microalgae for Overcoming Biomass Recalcitrance in Biofuel Generation
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Agricultural Wastes for Biofuel Generation
9.3 Pretreatment Methods for Agricultural Wastes in Biofuel Generation
9.3.1 Physical Pretreatment Methods
9.3.1.1 Milling
9.3.1.2 Extrusion
9.3.1.3 Microwave Treatment
9.3.1.4 Ultrasonication
9.3.2 Thermochemical Methods
9.3.2.1 Gasification
9.3.2.2 Liquefaction
9.3.2.3 Pyrolysis
9.4 Microalgae in Biofuel Generation
9.5 Conventional Biological Pretreatment Methods for Defatted Microalgae for Biofuel Generation
9.6 Microalgae Potential in the Fuel Industry
9.7 Methods of Converting Microalgae into Energy
9.8 Challenges and Prospects for Biofuel Production from Microalgae
9.9 Pretreatment Methods for Microalgae in Biofuel Generation
9.9.1 Microwave-assisted Pretreatment Method
9.9.2 Ultrasonic Pretreatment Method
9.9.3 Enzymatic Hydrolysis-based Pretreatment Method
9.9.4 Catalytic Pretreatment Method
References
Index
