Environmental Studies and Climate Change

Cover
Half Title
Series Information
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
Contributors
Part I Environment Management and Monitoring
1 Environment Studies and Climate Change: a Bibliometric Analysis
1.1 Introduction: Environment and Climate Change
1.2 Research Methodology
1.4 Bibliometric Analysis
1.4.1 Author’s Keywords Co-occurrence Analysis
1.4.2 Citation Analysis by Country (on the Basis of First 2000 Documents)
1.6 Conclusion
References
2 Environmental Implications of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Discovery and Prohibition of Persistent Organic Pollutants
2.3 Types and Classification of Intentional and Unintentional Persistent Organic Pollutants
2.4 Properties and Sources of Intentionally Produced POPs
2.5 Properties and Sources of Unintentionally Produced POPs
2.6 Risk Associated with Intentionally and Unintentionally Produced POPs
2.7 Transport and Fate of POPs
2.8 Impacts of Intentionally and Unintentionally Produced POPs on Climate Change
2.8.1 Consequences of Elevated Temperature for the Dispersal of POPs
2.8.2 Role of Rainfall in the Dispersal of POPs
2.8.3 Sea-level and Dispersal of POPs
2.8.4 Role of CO2 Rise in the Dispersal of POPs
2.9 Conclusion
References
3 DNA Barcoding and Metabarcoding: A Potential Tool for Environmental Biodiversity Monitoring
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Methods for Biodiversity Monitoring
3.3 DNA Barcoding
3.4 Metabarcoding
3.5 Estimating Biodiversity by Metabarcoding
3.5.1 Applications of DNA Barcoding and Metabarcoding
3.5.2 Limitations of DNA Barcoding and Metabarcoding
3.6 Conclusion
References
4 Effect of Flow Alteration on River Ecology: State of the Art
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Salient Features of Natural Flow Regime in Rivers
4.3 Natural Flows: Provisioning Aspect for a Healthier Life
4.4 Natural Flows: Regulating and Security Aspect
4.5 Natural Flows: Spiritual Aspect
4.6 Consequences of an Altered Flow Regime of a River
4.7 State of the Art in Environmental Flow Assessment
4.7.1 Hydrobiological or Holistic Technique
4.7.2 Building Block Technique (BB)
4.7.3 Ecological Limits of Hydrological Abstractions (ELOHA)
4.7.4 Hydraulic Geometry or Wetted Perimeter (WP) Techniques
4.7.5 Habitat Simulation Techniques
4.7.6 Hydrological Methods
4.7.7 Tennant Method
4.7.8 Flow Duration Curve Based Methods
4.7.9 Range of Variability Technique
4.7.10 Shortcomings of the Existing E-flows Assessment Methods
4.7.11 Development and Management Strategies to Improve Environmental Flows
4.7.12 Effect of the Altered Flow Regime on Macrophytes Living in a Riverine Environment
4.7.13 Effect of the Altered Flow Regime on the Ichthyofaunal and Other Aquatic Diversity
4.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
5 Elemental Mobility in the Near-surface Environment: A Study from Bhowali-Bhimtal and Berinag Regions of Kumaun Lesser …
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Geological Framework
5.2.1 Geological Characteristics of Bhowali-Bhimtal and Adjoining Region
5.2.2 Geological Characteristics of Berinag Region
5.3 Methods of Study
5.3.1 Sampling Method
5.3.2 Sample Preparation
5.3.3 Analytical Methods
5.4 Results and Interpretation
5.4.1 Bedrock and Status of Weathering
5.4.2 Microscopic Evidence of Mineral Alteration
5.4.3 Geochemistry of Bedrock and Weathered Crust Profiles
5.4.3.1 Major Element Geochemistry
5.4.3.2 Trace Element Geochemistry
5.4.3.3 Rare Earth Element Geochemistry
5.4.3.4 Implications for Paleoclimatic Conditions
5.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
6 Ecological Restoration: Ecosystem Services and Conservation of Natural Heritage
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Origin and Meaning of Ecological Restoration
6.1.2 Why Restore the Ecosystem?
6.1.3 Categories of Ecosystem Services
6.1.4 Forest Ecosystem: Threats and Restoration Strategies
6.1.5 Pedological Aspects
6.1.6 Forest Soil Management
6.1.7 Management and Restoration
6.1.8 Ecological Assessment of Interaction Among Populations
6.1.9 Advancements in Restoration Techniques
6.1.10 Biotic and Abiotic Disturbance
6.1.11 Soil Restoration in Agro-ecological System
6.1.12 Soil Quality Index
6.1.13 Conservation Agriculture and Soil Quality
6.2 Aquatic Restoration
6.2.1 Restoration Strategies
6.2.1.1 Control in External Loading
6.2.1.2 Pre-Capture from Water
6.2.1.3 Bioremediation Methods
6.3 Climate Change and Ecological Reconstruction Approaches
6.3.1 Threats of Climate Change: A Challenge to Ecosystem Management
6.3.2 Opportunities to Improve Ecological Restoration
6.3.3 Microclimate: A Recent Adaptation Strategy
6.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
7 Utilization of Sustainable Resources to Combat Challenges in Environment and Climate Change
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Factors Responsible for Climate Change and Environmental Pollution
7.2.1 Depletion of Fossil Fuels
7.2.2 Greenhouse Gas Emission and Global Warming
7.2.3 Ozone Layer Destruction
7.2.4 Environmental Pollution
7.2.5 Human Interference
7.3 Challenges Due to Climate Change and Environmental Effects That the World Must Negotiate
7.3.1 Impact on Human Health
7.3.2 Increased Risk of Tick-borne Diseases
7.3.3 Food and Water Scarcity
7.3.4 Loss of Biodiversity
7.4 Sustainable Resource Management to Tackle Challenges on the Path
7.4.1 Green Technology
7.4.2 Biofuel Production
7.4.3 Ecosystem Restoration
7.5 Current Policies on Environment and Climate Protection
7.6 Concluding Remarks
References
Part II Palaeoclimate Studies and Computational Analysis of Climate Change
8 Mammalian Dental Enamel: an Archive for Palaeoecology and Palaeoclimate Studies
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Stable Isotope Fractionation
8.2.1 Carbon Isotopes
8.2.2 Oxygen Isotopes
8.3 Sampling for Stable Isotope Analyses
8.3.1 Micro-Drilling
8.3.2 Laser Ablation
8.4 Dental Microwear Analyses
8.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
9 Statistical Modeling for Climate Data
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Historical Developments
9.3 Linear Regression
9.3.1 Simple Linear Regression
9.3.2 Multiple Linear Regression
9.4 Artificial Neural Network
9.5 Time Series Modeling
9.5.1 Autoregressive Models
9.5.2 Moving Average Models
9.5.3 Autoregressive Moving Average Models
9.6 Conclusion
9.7 Appendix
R – Commands
References
10 Knowledge Discovery Paradigms for Climate Change: Comparative Evaluation
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Literature Survey
10.3 Parametric Framework
10.4 Strategic Roadmap
10.5 Implementation
10.5.1 Association Rule Framing-go-Together Parameter Sets
10.5.2 Frequency (Support) and Accuracy (Confidence) of Rules
10.6 Results and Observations
10.6.1 Mba Analysis
10.6.2 Decision Tree Induction Implementation
10.7 Comparative Analysis – Performance Evaluation of MBA and DTI
10.8 Discussion
10.9 Conclusion and Recommendations for Data Analysis
References
11 Optimization of Process Variables Using Central Composite Design for Heterotrophic Biological Denitrification
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Historical Developments
11.2.1 Chemical Denitrification
11.2.2 Reverse Osmosis for Denitrification
11.2.3 Electrodialysis for Denitrification
11.2.4 Catalytic Denitrification
11.2.5 Electro Catalytic Reduction for Denitrification
11.2.6 Ion Exchange Process
11.2.7 Denitrification Using a Membrane Bioreactor
11.2.7.1 Denitrification Using Nanofiltration
11.2.7.2 Biological Denitrification
11.3 Materials and Methods
11.3.1 Organism
11.3.2 Denitrification Process
11.3.3 Optimization Using CCD
11.4 Results and Discussion
11.4.1 Optimization Study
11.5 Comparison with Literature
11.6 Conclusion
References
12 Effectiveness of Major Plant Components, Cellulose and Lignin, for Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Industrial Wastewater...
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Conventional Methods
12.2.1 Chemical Precipitation
12.2.2 Ion Exchange
12.2.3 Membrane Process
12.2.4 Electrochemical Methods
12.2.5 Chemical Coagulation or Flocculation
12.2.6 Adsorption
12.3 Agricultural Waste as an Efficient Adsorbent
12.3.1 Isolation of Cellulose, Hemicellulose and Lignin from Agricultural Waste
12.3.1.1 Physical Pretreatment
12.3.1.2 Chemical Pretreatments
12.4 Cellulose
12.4.1 Structure and Adsorption Characteristics of Cellulose
12.4.2 Cellulose Surface Modification
12.5 Lignin
12.5.1 Structure of Lignin
12.5.2 Adsorption Capacity of Lignin
12.5.3 Surface Modification of Lignin
12.6 Conclusion
References
Part III Climate Change: Challenges and Management Strategies
13 Emerging Issues of Climate Change: Global Perspective, Ecosystem, and Health
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Paris Agreement and Climate Change
13.3 Climate Change and Himalayan Region – Recent Trends
13.3.1 Climate Change and North-western Himalaya
13.3.1.1 Climate Change and Forests
13.3.1.2 Climate Change and Wetlands
13.3.1.3 Climate Change and Agriculture
13.3.1.4 Climate Change and Water Resources
13.3.1.5 Climate Change and Tourism
13.3.1.6 Adaptive Measures
13.4 Climate Change and Disease
13.4.1 Climate Change and Emerging Diseases
13.4.2 Biodiversity–Disease Relationship in Relation to Climate Change
13.4.3 Eradication of Disease Linked with Global Warming and Climate Change
13.5 Conclusion
References
14 Climate Change and Agriculture
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions
14.3 Climate Change and Agriculture
14.4 Likely Effects of Climate Change on Key Sectors at Global Level
14.4.1 Water
14.4.2 Food
14.4.3 Industry, Settlement and Society
14.4.4 Health
14.5 Observed Changes in Climate and Weather Events in India
14.5.1 Surface Temperature
14.5.2 Rainfall
14.5.3 Extreme Weather Events
14.5.4 Rise in Sea Level
14.5.5 Impacts on Himalayan Glaciers
14.6 Some Projections of Climate Change over India for the 21st Century
14.6.1 Annual Mean Surface Temperature
14.6.2 Impacts on Water Resources
14.6.3 Impacts on Agriculture and Food Production
14.6.4 Impacts on Forests
14.6.5 Vulnerability to Extreme Events
14.6.6 Impacts on Coastal Areas
14.6.7 Impacts on Biodiversity
14.6.8 Impact on Pests
14.6.9 Effect on Insecticide Use Efficiency
14.6.10 Effect on Natural Pest Control
14.6.11 Impact of Climate Change on Disease
14.7 Research Findings of Icar (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) on Climate Change
14.8 Some Current Actions for Adaptation and Mitigation in India
14.8.1 Crop Improvement Programmes
14.8.2 Forestry
14.8.3 Water
14.9 India’s Policy Structure Relevant to GHG Mitigation
14.10 Covid-19 and Climate Change
14.11 Conclusion
References
15 Climate Change: Mitigation and Adaptation
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Chronology of Climate Change
15.1.2 Science of Climate Change
15.1.3 Vulnerability
15.2 Global Climate – a Public Good (Benchmark International Conferences)
15.2.1 The First World Climate Conference (FWCC or WCC-1) 1979, Geneva; Participating Countries: 53
15.2.2 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 1988, Geneva; Participating Countries: 195
15.2.3 The Second World Climate Conference (SWCC or WCC-2) WMO, UNESCO, UNEP, FAO and ICSU, 1990, Geneva; Participating …
15.2.4 Rio Earth Summit 1992, Rio (environment and Development), Participating Countries: 195
15.2.5 Kyoto Protocol 1997 (COP-3) (commitments for Common but Differentiated Responsibilities), Kyoto; Signatory ...
15.2.6 the Bali Road Map 2007 (COP-13/CMP-3) (Shared Vision for Long-term Cooperative Action) Bali; Participating ...
15.2.7 Copenhagen Accord 2009 (COP-15) Copenhagen; Participating Countries: 183
15.2.8 Doha Climate Gateway 2012 (COP-18/CMP-8)
15.2.9 Warsaw Climate Change Conference 2013 (COP-19/CMP-9)
15.2.10 Paris Agreement 2015 (COP-21), Paris, Participating Countries: 196
15.2.11 Bonn Climate Change 2017 (COP-23) Bonn
15.3 Mitigation
15.3.1 Conventional Mitigation Technologies
15.3.1.1 Renewable Energy
15.3.1.2 Atomic Energy
15.3.1.3 Energy in Industrial Sector
15.3.1.4 Energy Efficiency in Industrial Sector
15.3.2 Nonconventional (Negative Emissions) Technologies
15.3.2.1 Carbon Capture and Storage – Biochar
15.3.2.2 Weathering
15.3.2.3 Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage (DACCS)
15.3.2.4 Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement and Fertilization
15.3.2.5 Agriculture, Forestry and Land-use (AFOLU) Sector
15.4 Adaptation
15.4.1 Bottom-up Approach (community-based Adaptation (CbA))
15.4.2 Top-down Approach (ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA))
15.4.3 the Adaptation Cycle Under the UN
15.4.3.1 Assess Impacts, Vulnerability and Risks
15.4.3.2 Plan for Adaptation
15.4.3.3 Implementation of Adaptation Measures
15.4.3.4 Monitor and Evaluate Adaptation
15.5 Conclusion
References
16 Climate Change and Its Impact on Poultry Production
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Causes of Climate Change
16.3 Greenhouse Gases (GHGS)
16.4 Livestock and Climate Crisis
16.4.1 Effect of Livestock on Climate Crisis
16.4.2 Effect of the Climate Crisis on Livestock
16.5 Poultry and Greenhouse Gases
16.6 Thermoregulatory Mechanism of Poultry
16.7 Heat Loss in Poultry
16.8 Effect of the Climate Crisis on Poultry
16.8.1 Growth and Production
16.8.2 Egg Quality and Reproductive Performance
16.8.3 Immunity
16.8.4 Meat Quality
16.8.5 Disease Incidence
16.9 Moderating the Impacts of Climate Change
16.10 Conclusion
References
17 Climate Change and Renewable Energy: Improvements and Interpretations for Sustainable Development
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Energy and Climate Change
17.3 Renewable Energy
17.3.1 Solar Power Generation
17.3.1.1 Solar Photovoltaic
17.3.1.2 Solar Energy Collectors
17.3.2 Hydropower
17.3.3 Bioenergy
17.3.4 Ocean Energy
17.3.5 Geothermal Energy
17.3.6 Wind Energy
17.4 Impact of Climate Change on Renewable Energy Generation
17.4.1 Impact of Climate Change on Hydroelectric Power Generation
17.4.2 Impact of Climate Change on Solar Energy Generation
17.4.3 Impact of Climate Change on Wind Energy Production
17.5 Improvements in Renewable Energy Technologies for Sustainable Development
17.5.1 Advances in the Solar Energy Sector
17.5.2 Biofuels
17.5.2.1 Recent Advances in Bioethanol
17.5.2.2 Recent Advances in Biodiesel
17.5.2.3 Recent Advances in Biohydrogen
17.5.2.4 Recent Advances in Biogas
17.5.3 Advances in the Wind Energy Sector
17.6 Challenges and Prospects
17.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
18 Technology and Innovation to Tackle Climate Challenges
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Greenhouse Effect
18.2.1 Carbon Dioxide
18.2.2 Nitrous Oxide
18.2.3 Methane
18.2.4 Chlorofluorocarbons
18.3 Predicting Changes in Climate
18.3.1 Warming of Higher Latitudes
18.3.2 Northern Advances of Monsoon Rainfall
18.3.3 Reduced Soil Water Availability
18.4 Sources of GHG Emissions
18.4.1 Sectors That Make Use of Energy
18.4.2 But This Challenge Is also an Opportunity
18.4.3 Agriculture, Forestry and Land Use
18.5 Technological Advancements That Might Potentially Save Us from the Consequences of Climate Change
18.6 the Transformation Was Led by Technology
18.6.1 a Meal
18.6.2 Transportation
18.6.3 Manufacturing Electric Power
18.6.4 City Structures
18.6.5 Industrial Production
18.6.6 Incentives That Are Unique
18.7 Conclusion
References
19 Role of Bioenergy in Climate Change, Food, Energy and Rural Development
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Bioenergy Versus Fossil Fuel
19.3 Types of Biofuels
19.4 Bioenergy: Threat and Benefit Perceptions
19.4.1 Land Use Change
19.4.2 Climate Change Mitigation
19.4.3 Energy and Food Security
19.4.4 Rural Development
19.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
20 A Review of Fluoride Contamination in Groundwater and Its Removal by Adsorption Process
20.1 Introduction
20.1.1 Fluoride Contamination in Groundwater of Different Regions of the World
20.2 Fluoride Contamination in Different Areas of India
20.3 Sources of Fluoride in Groundwater
20.3.1 Risk of Fluoride to Health
20.4 Application of Different Types of Adsorbents
20.5 Conclusion
References
21 Himalaya in a Rapidly Changing World: Climate Change Impacts and Conservation Implications on the Montane Freshwater Fauna
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Himalaya
21.3 Major Rivers of Himalaya
21.4 A ‘Yet to Embark’ Climate Research in Himalayan Freshwaters
21.5 Ongoing Challenges
21.6 Climate Vulnerabilities and Himalaya
21.7 Himalayan Freshwater Fauna Under Threat
21.7.1 Fishes
21.7.2 Freshwater Macroinvertebrates
21.7.3 Riverine Birds
21.8 Possible Phenological and Life-history Changes
21.9 Schizothorax Richardsonii – A Case Study
21.10 Data Limitations and Challenges
21.11 Mitigation Measures
References
22 A Solution to Healthy Living in Relation to Vector-borne Encephalitis
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Different Vector-borne Encephalitides
22.2.1 Japanese Encephalitis (JE)
22.2.2 Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)
22.2.3 Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE)
22.2.4 Tick-borne Encephalitis (TBE)
22.2.5 La Crosse (LAC) Encephalitis
22.2.6 Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE)
22.3 Role of Vectors in Transmission Cycle of Encephalitis
22.4 Epidemiology and Outbreaks
22.5 Control Strategies for Vector-borne Encephalitis
22.5.1 Vaccination
22.5.2 Vector Control Measures
22.5.4 Behaviour Change Communication
22.5.5 Long-term Therapeutic Measures
22.5.6 Long-term Preventive Measures
22.6 Scenario of Vector-borne Encephalitis in India
22.7 Solution to Vector-borne Encephalitis Outbreaks
22.8 Conclusion
References
Part IV Environment and Health Impacts
23 Environmental Contaminants and Male Reproductive Health: Past, Present and Future
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Environmental Contaminants and Male Reproductive Health
23.2.1 Bisphenol a and Male Reproductive Health
23.2.2 Heavy Metals and Male Reproductive Health
23.2.3 Nanoparticles and Male Reproductive Health
23.2.4 Phthalates and Male Reproductive Health
23.2.5 Pesticides and Male Reproductive Health
23.2.6 Solvents and Male Reproductive Health
23.3 Lifestyle Changes and Male Reproductive Health
23.3.1 Obesity and Male Reproductive Health
23.3.2 Alcohol and Male Reproductive Health
23.3.3 Smoking and Male Reproductive Health
23.3.4 Drugs and Male Reproductive Health
23.3.5 Temperature and Mobile Phone Radiations and Male Reproductive Health
23.4 Conclusions
References
24 Bioaerosol Health Effects from Molecular to Global Scales
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Review of Literature
24.2.1 Epidemiological Literature
24.2.2 Assessing Health Effects Based on Epidemiological Studies
24.2.3 Estimation of Bioaerosol Characteristics for Epidemiological Studies
24.2.4 Bioaerosol Health Effects Based on Modeling Perspective
24.2.5 Bioaerosols
24.2.5.1 Components of Bioaerosols
24.2.6 Potential Health Effects of Bioaerosols
24.2.6.1 Infectious Diseases
24.2.6.2 Respiratory Disease
24.2.6.3 Communicable Diseases
24.2.7 Reactive Oxygen Species from PM_2.5
24.3 Conclusions
References
25 Pollution Indicator, Opportunistic, and Pathogenic Bacteria Prevalence in Farmed and Wild Fish of Kashmir Himalaya
25.1 Introduction
25.1.1 Materials and Methodology
25.1.1.1 Bacteriological Testing and Examination
25.1.1.2 Collection of Samples
25.1.1.3 Assessment of Morphological/clinical Objective Indications
25.1.1.4 Isolation and Identification of Bacteria
25.1.1.5 Sample Preparation
25.1.1.6 Morphological Characterization
25.1.1.7 Biochemical Characterization
25.2 Results
25.2.1 Morphometric Characteristics
25.2.2 Viable Bacteria Count
25.2.3 Prevalence of Pathogens in Fish Samples
25.2.4 Percentage Occurrence of Bacterial Isolates
25.3 Discussion
25.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
26 Using Monogenoids (Phylum Platyhelminthes) as Indicators of Aquatic Ecosystem Health
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Parasitism
26.3 Bioindicators
26.4 Monogenoids as Bioindicators
26.4.1 Environmental Response
26.4.1.1 Physicochemical Parameters
26.4.1.2 Aquatic Pollutants
26.5 Limitations and Future Directions
Acknowledgements
References
27 Haematological Parameters and Cell Morphology of Cyprinus Carpio Var. Communis and Specularis from Dal Lake Kashmir, …
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Study Area and Fish Sampling
27.3 Methods of Haematological Analysis
27.3.1 Estimation of Haemoglobin (Hb)
27.3.2 Total Red Blood Cell (RBC) and White Blood Cell (WBC) Count
27.3.3 Haematocrit (Hct%)
27.3.4 Erythrocyte Indices (MCH, MCHC and MCV)
27.3.4.1 Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCH)
27.3.4.2 Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)
27.3.4.3 Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
27.4 Blood Smear Preparation and Light Microscopic Study
27.5 Blood Values in Cyprinus Carpio
27.6 Blood Cell Morphology
27.6.1 Thrombocytes
27.6.2 Lymphocytes
27.6.3 Monocytes
26.6.4 Neutrophils
27.6.5 Eosinophils
27.6.6 Basophils
Acknowledgements
References
28 Use of Nematode Community as Bioindicator in Responses to Wastewater Irrigation in Agro-ecosystems Near the Yamuna in Haryana, India
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Materials and Methods
28.2.1 Maturity Index (MI)
28.2.2 Plant Parasitic Index (PPI)
28.3 Results
28.4 Nematode Diversity
28.5 Nematode Community Analysis
28.6 Discussion
28.7 Conclusion
References
29 Algae and Macrophytes as Bioindicators of Freshwater Ecosystem
29.1 Introduction
29.1.1 Present Scenario of Freshwater Resources
29.1.2 Freshwater Ecosystem as an Urban Sponge
29.2 Trophic State of the Lakes
29.3 Aquatic Bioindicators
29.3.1 Types of Bioindicators in Freshwater Ecosystem
29.3.2 Advantages of Bioindicators over Conventional Chemical Analysis
29.3.3 Criteria for Bioindicators of the Freshwater Ecosystem
29.3.4 Types of Bioindicators on the Basis of Study Objectives
29.4 Use of Bioindicators in the Assessment of the Freshwater Ecosystem
29.5 Algae as Bioindicators in Aquatic Ecosystems
29.5.1 Temporal Patterns of Algal Community Shift in Freshwater Aquatic Ecosystem
29.5.2 Seasonal Succession of Phytoplankton/algae
29.6 Macrophytes in the Lake Ecosystem
29.6.1 Macrophytes and Faunal Diversity
29.6.2 Macrophytes as Bioindicators
29.6.3 Macrophytes as Invasive Species in Eutrophic Lakes
29.6.4 Role of Aquatic Macrophytes in the Treatment of Eutrophic Lakes
29.6.5 Succession in Macrophytic Community with Increasing Trophic State
29.7 Antagonistic Behavior Between Algae and Macrophytes in Lake Ecosystems
29.8 Effect of Hydro-morphological Variables on Aquatic Ecosystems
29.8.1 Effects of Water Level Fluctuation on the Lake Ecosystem
29.8.2 Effect of Land Use Change on Aquatic Biodiversity
29.8.3 Effect of Anthropogenic Activities on the Landscape Change Linked to Aquatic Ecosystems
29.9 Future Prospects
29.10 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
30 Parasitic Diversity Strategies Under the Influence of Pollutants
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Diversity of Parasites on Fish in the Challenged Environment
30.3 Interactions of Pollutants and Parasites on Hosts
30.3.1 Toxicants and Stressors
30.3.2 Role of Bioindicators
30.4 Use of Sensitivity of Parasites to the Ambient Chemical Environment
30.4.1 Acanthocephalans – The Dark Horse
30.4.2 Affinity of Acanthocephalans Towards Heavy Metals
30.5 Parasite Response Towards Pollution
30.6 Conclusions
References
31 Snow Cover Variability as Climate Change Indicator: A Case Study from Higher Himalaya in Garhwal, Uttarakhand
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Earlier Research on the Subject
31.3 Remote Sensing and Snow Cover Mapping
31.4 Brief Review of Research on Meteorological Data
31.5 Study Area
31.6 Physiographical Setup
31.7 Automatic Weather Stations
31.8 Material and Methods
31.9 Processing of Remote Sensing Data
31.10 Snow Identification and Map Generation
31.11 Relationship Between Temperature Gradient and Elevation
31.11.1 Temperature Gradient of Din-gad Basin (DGB) and Mandakini Basin (MB)
31.12 Results
31.13 Yearly Snow Cover Mapping, Assessment and Variability from 2009 to 2011 and 2013 to 2016
31.14 Dokriani Glacier Catchment (DGC)
31.14.1 Elevation
31.14.2 Aspect
31.14.3 Slope
31.15 Chorabari Glacier Catchment (CGC)
31.15.1 Elevation
31.15.2 Aspect
31.15.3 Slope
31.16 Relationship Between Snow Cover and Meteorological Parameters
31.17 Surface Temperature Variability in DGC
31.18 Variability in Tlr of DGC
31.19 Surface Temperature Variability in CGC
31.20 Variability in Tlr of CGC
31.21 Snow Cover Extent and Correlation with Isotherms
31.22 Correlation of Snow Cover Extent with Isotherms in the DGC
31.23 Correlation of Snow Cover Extent with Isotherms in CGC
31.24 Discussion
31.25 Synthesis and Discussion
Acknowledgements
References
32 Agrofuels Can Beat the Heat for a Sustainable Environment
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Types of Agrofuels or Biofuels
32.2.1 Solid Agrofuels
32.2.2 Liquid Agrofuels
32.2.2.1 Biodiesel
32.2.2.2 Potential for Biodiesel in India
32.2.2.3 Biodiesel as Fuel
32.2.2.4 Biodiesel for a Sustainable Environment
32.2.2.5 Bio-alcohols
32.2.3 Gas Agrofuels
32.2.3.1 Biogas
32.2.3.2 Syngas
32.2.3.3 Siloxanes
32.2.3.4 Gobar Gas
32.3 Algae as the Agrofuel
32.4 Biohydrogen – Microbial Fuel Cells
32.5 Benefits of Agrofuel
32.6 Conclusion
References
33 Holistic Management of Air Pollution Using Modern Technology
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Air Pollution: A Global Issue
33.3 Air Pollution Management
33.3.1 Monitoring of Air Pollutants
33.3.2 Air Dispersion Modeling
33.3.3 Air Pollution Management Policies
33.3.3.1 Low Emission Area
33.3.3.2 Use of Public Transport
33.3.3.3 Speed Management
33.3.3.4 Avoid Burning Solid Fuels
33.3.4 Management Technologies
33.3.4.1 Vehicle Technologies
33.3.4.2 Alternative Fuels or Green Fuels
33.3.4.3 Green Highways
33.3.4.4 Biomonitoring of Air Pollution
33.3.4.5 Fixing of Pollutants by Microalgae
33.4 Case Study of Air Pollution of Bareilly (Uttar Pradesh, India)
33.4.1 Variation of Pm10 During Winter Season 2017
33.4.2 Variation of Pm10 During Summer Season 2017
33.4.3 Variation of Pm10 During Monsoon Season 2017
33.4.4 Pre-monsoon Analysis of Pm10 During 2018
33.4.5 Post-monsoon Analysis of Pm10 During 2018
33.4.6 Analysis of Air Pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, SO₂ and NO₂) During Outbreak of Covid-19 in 2020
33.5 Conclusions
References
34 Reducing Air Pollution Can Control Future Pandemics
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Some Past Epidemics/Pandemics
34.3 Covid-19
34.4 Past Epidemics/Pandemics and Air Pollution
34.5 Covid-19 Pandemic and Air Pollution
34.6 Conclusion
References
35 Integration of Constructed Wetland Technology as Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Facility and Water Reuse in Agriculture
35.1 Introduction
35.1.1 CWs
35.1.1.1 Classification of CWs
35.2 Existing Wastewater Treatment Technologies for Nutrient Recovery
35.2.1 Mechanisms of Nutrients and Pollutant Removal
35.2.2 Removal of Infectious Pathogens
35.3 Various Stages of Wastewater Treatment in Several Processes
35.4 Integration of Cw Technology in Future Schemes of Upcoming Smart Cities
35.5 Reuse Opportunities of Treated Municipal Wastewater in Urban Agriculture
35.6 Future Prospects
35.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Index