Environmental Policy and Public Health: Principal Health Hazards and Mitigation

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Authors
Chapter 1 Climate Change Crisis
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Overview of Climate Change
1.3 Signs and Science of Climate Change
1.3.1 Sources and Levels of Atmospheric Greenhouse Gases
1.3.1.1 Sources of Greenhouse Gases
1.3.1.2 Carbon Dioxide Principles
1.3.1.3 Historic Levels of Greenhouse Gases
1.3.1.4 Food System Issues
1.3.2 Signs and Symptoms of Climate Change
1.3.3 International Panel on Climate Change
1.4 Impact of Climate Change on Human Health
1.5 Impact of Climate Change on Ecosystem Health
1.6 Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture and Species
1.7 History of Key UN Climate Change Policies
1.8 U.S. Climate Change Policies
1.8.1 Overview of U.S. Climate Change Policymaking
1.8.2 Global Change Research Act, 1990
1.8.2.1 Fourth National Climate Assessment, 2018
1.8.2.2 Highlights from the Fourth National Climate Assessment, 2018
1.8.3 Obama Administration’s Climate Change Policies
1.8.3.1 U.S. Supreme Court Decisions
1.8.3.2 Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program, 2008
1.8.3.3 Climate Action Plan, 2013
1.8.3.4 Clean Power Plan, 2015
1.8.4 Trump Administration’s Climate Change Policies
1.8.4.1 Affordable Clean Energy, 2019
1.8.4.2 Withdrawal from the Paris Agreement
1.8.4.3 Rescinding of Regulations Relevant to Climate Change
1.8.5 Biden Administration’s Climate Team
1.8.6 Biden Administration’s Climate Policies
1.8.7 Policy Frameworks for Mitigating Climate Change
1.8.7.1 Carbon Taxes and Emissions Trading Systems
1.8.7.2 Cap and Trade of Greenhouse Gases
1.8.7.3 Reforestation Policies
1.8.7.4 One Trillion Trees Initiative
1.8.7.5 Africa’s Great Green Wall Project
1.8.8 Climate Change Economics
1.8.9 Climate Change Litigation
1.8.10 The Public’s Role in Climate Change Policymaking
1.8.11 Youth Activism Against Climate Change
1.9 Social Justice Issues
1.10 Impact of COVID-19 on Climate Change
1.11 Hazard Interventions
1.12 Summary
References
Chapter 2 Air Quality
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Sources of Emissions of Ambient Air Pollutants
2.2.1 Vehicle Emissions
2.2.2 Power Plants
2.2.3 Wildfires
2.2.4 Woodstoves
2.2.5 Agriculture
2.2.6 Aviation and Marine Sources of Air Pollution
2.2.6.1 Air Pollution from Aircraft
2.2.6.2 Air Pollution from Ships
2.2.7 Metals Production
2.3 Sources of Indoor Air Pollution
2.4 Toxicology and Standards for Criteria Air Pollutants
2.5 Prevalence of Air Pollution
2.5.1 Prevalence of Air Pollution in the U.S
2.5.2 Prevalence of Global Indoor Air Pollution
2.6 Impacts of Air Pollution on Human Health
2.6.1 Impacts of Air Pollution on Morbidity
2.6.1.1 Overview of Adverse Health Effects
2.6.1.2 Morbidity: Air Pollution and Lung Disease
2.6.1.3 Morbidity: Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease
2.6.1.4 Morbidity: Air Pollution and Cancer
2.6.1.5 Morbidity: Air Pollution, Mental Health, and Crime
2.6.1.6 Morbidity: Air Pollution and Neurodegenerative Diseases
2.6.1.7 Morbidity: Air Pollution and Elderly Patients
2.6.2 Mortality: Impacts of Air Pollution
2.6.2.1 Mortality: Air Pollution and Global Metrics
2.6.2.2 Morbidity: Air Pollution and Life Expectancy
2.6.3 Impacts of Air Pollution on Children’s Health
2.6.4 EPA’s NATA Health Database
2.6.5 Air Pollution and Social Justice Issues
2.6.6 Diesel Engine Exhaust and Health Impacts
2.7 Impacts of Air Pollution on Ecosystem Health
2.8 U.S. Policies on Air Quality
2.8.1 U.S. Primary Policy: Clean Air Act, 1955
2.8.1.1 History of the Clean Air Act
2.8.1.2 EPA’s Air Quality Index
2.8.1.3 Clean Air Act Regulations on Greenhouse Gases
2.8.1.4 The Mercury and Air Toxics Standards Rule, 2011
2.8.1.5 The Clean Power Plan, 2016
2.8.1.6 Affordable Clean Energy Rule, 2019
2.8.1.7 Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards, 1975
2.8.1.8 The Safer Affordable Fuel-Efficient Vehicles Rule, 2018
2.8.1.9 Air Quality Policies: Obama and Trump
2.8.1.10 The Montreal Protocol, 1987
2.8.1.11 Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, 2016
2.9 Emerging Transportation and Traffic Control Policies
2.10 Costs and Benefits of U.S. Air Quality
2.11 Global Economic Impact of Air Quality
2.12 COVID-19 and Air Quality
2.13 Hazard Interventions
2.14 Summary
References
Chapter 3 Water Quality and Security
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Water as a Vital Environmental Resource
3.3 Water Security: Quality
3.3.1 Biological Pollutants in Waterbodies
3.3.2 Chemical Pollutants in Waterbodies
3.3.3 Harmful Algal Blooms in Waterbodies
3.4 Impacts of Contaminated Waterbodies on Human Health
3.5 Impacts of Contaminated Waterbodies on Ecosystem Health
3.6 U.S. Water Quality Policies
3.6.1 The Clean Water Act, 1972
3.6.1.1 History
3.6.1.2 Clean Water Act Amendments
3.6.1.3 The EPA Water Quality Trading Policy, 2003
3.6.1.4 Obama Administration’s Waters of the United States Rule, 2015
3.6.1.5 Trump Administration’s Navigable Waters Protection Rule, 2020
3.6.1.6 Supreme Court Decision Regarding Groundwater, 2020
3.6.1.7 Cost and Benefits of Waterbodies Pollution Control
3.6.2 The Safe Drinking Water Act, 1974
3.6.2.1 Impacts of Non-potable Water on Human Health
3.6.2.2 Impacts of Non-potable Water on Ecosystem Health
3.6.2.3 History of the Safe Drinking Water Act
3.6.2.4 Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments
3.6.2.5 Safe Drinking Water Compliance
3.6.2.6 Bottled Drinking Water
3.6.3 Impacts of Unregulated Water Supplies
3.6.4 Social Justice Issues
3.7 Global Water Quality Policies
3.7.1 Global Water Quality and Health Impacts
3.7.2 UN and US Policies to Protect Ocean Waters
3.7.2.1 UN Ocean Protection Policies
3.7.2.2 U.S. Marine Debris Act, 2006
3.8 Water Security: Availability
3.8.1 U.S. State of Water Availability
3.8.2 Global State of Water Availability
3.8.3 Thirsty Cities and Water Insecurity
3.8.4 Drought and Water Insecurity
3.8.5 State of California’s Drought Policies
3.8.6 Climate Change’s Impact on Water Security
3.8.7 Water Security and Produced Water
3.8.8 Water Security and Graywater
3.8.9 Water Security and Desalination
3.9 Water Conservation and Innovative Technology
3.9.1 Water Conservation
3.9.2 U.S. Energy Policy Act, 1992
3.9.3 Innovative Water Technology
3.9.4 Best Water Practices Policies
3.9.5 Examples of Successful Water Management
3.9.6 The “One Water” Movement
3.9.7 California Water Futures Marketing
3.10 Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic
3.11 Hazard Interventions
3.12 Summary
References
Chapter 4 Food Safety and Security
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Food Safety and Health
4.2.1 Unsafe Food and Human Health
4.2.2 Unsafe Meat and Human Health
4.2.3 Unsafe Food and Ecosystem Health
4.2.4 Unsafe Meat and Ecosystem Health
4.3 U.S. Food Safety Policies
4.3.1 U.S. Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 1906
4.3.1.1 History
4.3.1.2 Key Provisions of the FDCAct Relevant to Public Health
4.3.1.3 Public Health Implications of the FDCAct
4.3.2 U.S. Federal Meat Inspection Act, 1906
4.3.2.1 History
4.3.2.2 Public Health Implications of the FMIAct
4.3.3.3 Organic Animal Welfare Rules, 2017
4.3.3 Nutrition Labeling and Education Act, 1990
4.3.4 FDA Amendments Act of 2007
4.3.5 Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act, 2010
4.3.6 FDA Food Modernization Act, 2011
4.3.7 USDA Food Security Policies
4.3.8 U.S. State, Territorial, and Local Food Safety Policies
4.3.8.1 Example of a U.S. State’s Food Safety Policies
4.3.8.2 Example of a County’s Food Safety Policies
4.3.8.3 Food Service Inspection Scores
4.3.8.4 Food Sovereignty Laws
4.4 Food Security in the U.S
4.5 Global Food Security
4.5.1 Challenges of Global Food Insecurity
4.5.2 Threats to Global Food Security
4.5.2.1 COVID-19 Threat
4.5.2.2 Unhealthful Diets
4.5.2.3 Organic Food Supplies
4.5.2.4 The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act, 2010
4.5.2.5 Human Population Growth
4.5.2.6 Food Waste
4.5.2.7 Climate Change
4.5.2.8 Loss of Pollinators
4.5.2.9 Soil Security and Arable Land
4.5.2.10 Regenerative Agriculture
4.5.2.11 Genetically Modified Food
4.6 Global Food Security Policies
4.6.1 U.S. Global Food Security Act, 2016
4.7 Social Justice Issues
4.8 Impact of COVID-19
4.9 Hazard Interventions
4.10 Summary
References
Chapter 5 Tobacco Products, Vaping Devices, and Marijuana Smoking
5.1 Tobacco Products
5.1.1 Précis History of Tobacco Use
5.1.2 Prevalence of Tobacco Products and Users in the U.S
5.1.2.1 Cigarettes: Adults and Youth
5.1.2.2 Other Tobacco Products
5.1.3 Global Prevalence of Tobacco Products and Users
5.1.4 Impacts of Tobacco Products on Human Health
5.1.4.1 Cigarettes
5.1.4.2 Other Tobacco Products
5.1.5 Impacts of Tobacco Products on Ecosystem Health
5.1.6 U.S. Federal Policies on Tobacco Use and Control
5.1.7 Trump Administration’s Rules for New Tobacco Products
5.1.8 Labels on Tobacco Products
5.1.9 State and Local Tobacco Policies
5.1.10 Illustrative State Law on Tobacco Control
5.1.11 The Master Settlement Agreement
5.1.12 Social Justice Issues
5.1.13 Private Sector Tobacco Policies
5.1.14 Global Control of Tobacco and Related Products
5.1.14.1 WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, 2005
5.1.14.2 WHO’s Key Facts on Global Tobacco Control
5.2 Vaping Devices
5.2.1 Précis History of Vaping Devices
5.2.2 Prevalence of Vaping Devices and Users in the U.S
5.2.2.1 Electronic-Cigarettes
5.2.2.2 JUUL Vaping Device
5.2.3 Global Prevalence of Vaping Devices and Users
5.2.4 Impacts of Vaping Devices on Human Health
5.2.5 Impacts of Vaping Devices on Ecosystem Health
5.2.6 U.S. States Policies on Vaping Devices
5.2.7 Federal Policies on Vaping Devices
5.2.8 International Policies on Vaping Devices
5.3 Marijuana Smoking
5.3.1 Précis History of Marijuana Smoking
5.3.2 Prevalence of Marijuana Smoking and Users in the U.S
5.3.3 Global Prevalence of Marijuana Smoking and Users
5.3.4 Impacts of Marijuana Smoking on Human Health
5.3.5 Impacts of Marijuana Smoking on Ecosystem Health
5.3.6 U.S. Policies on Uses of Marijuana
5.3.7 International Policies on Marijuana Smoking
5.4 Effects of COVID-19 Infection on Smokers’ Health
5.5 Hazard Interventions
5.6 Summary
References
Chapter 6 Toxic Substances in the Environment
6.1 Introduction
6.2 U.S. Policies on Pesticides/Herbicides
6.2.1 Impacts of Pesticides/Herbicides on Human Health
6.2.1.1 General Toxicity of Pesticides
6.2.1.2 Toxicity of the Herbicide Glyphosate
6.2.1.3 Toxicity of the Herbicide Atrazine
6.2.1.4 Toxicity of the Herbicide Dicamba
6.2.2 Impacts of Pesticides/Herbicides on Ecosystem Health
6.2.2.1 The Most Hazardous Pesticides Affecting Ecosystems
6.2.2.2 Effects of Pesticides on Pollinators
6.2.2.3 Effects of Herbicides on Ecosystems
6.2.3 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, 1947
6.3 Health Impacts of Toxic Substances
6.3.1 Impacts of Toxic Substances on Human Health
6.3.1.1 Health Effects of Exposure to Lead
6.3.1.2 Health Effects of Exposure to PFAS
6.3.1.3 Toxic Substances and Children’s Health
6.3.1.4 Health Effects of Endocrine Disruptors
6.3.2 Impacts of Toxic Substances on Ecosystem Health
6.4 U.S. Policies to Control Toxic Substances
6.4.1 Federal Hazardous Substances Act, 1960
6.4.2 Toxic Substances Control Act, 1976
6.4.2.1 History
6.4.2.2 Amendments to the TSCAct, 1986
6.4.2.3 Public Health Effectiveness of the TSCAct
6.4.3 Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction Act, 1992
6.4.4 Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act, 2016
6.4.5 The Food Quality Protection Act, 1996
6.5 U.S. Agencies with Toxic Substances Authorities
6.5.1 U.S. Department of Labor
6.5.2 U.S. Chemical Safety Board
6.5.3 National Toxicology Program
6.6 U.S. State and Cities Policies on Toxic Substances
6.6.1 State of California
6.6.2 Examples of U.S. Cities’ Toxic Substances Policies
6.7 WHO’s Polices on Toxic Substances
6.7.1 International Agency for Research on Cancer
6.7.2 International Programme on Chemical Safety
6.7.3 Global Alliance to Eliminate Lead Paint, 2006
6.7.4 World Health Assembly’s Resolution on Chemicals Management, 2016
6.8 Hazard Interventions
6.9 Summary
References
Lessons Learned and Authors’ Reflections
Environmental Policy and Public Health: Principal Health Hazards and Mitigation, Volume 1 Workbook
Index