Environmental Organizations and Reasoned Discourse

Series Editors’ Foreword
Preface
Contents
About the Author
List of Figures
1 The Normative Elements of Our Social Discourse and the Environmental Issues to Be Confronted
1 Introduction
1.1 The Public Sphere of Morality
2 Origination of Environmental Institutions
3 Six Fundamental Issues Concerning Environmental Ethics
4 Our Environmental Advocacy Organizations and Duty
References
2 Our Reasoned Environmental Discourse
1 Introduction: The Nature of Kantian Construction
2 The Categorical Imperative and Its Three Formulae
3 The Categorical Imperative Process (CIP)
4 Maxims for Achieving the Harmonious Community
5 Imperfect and Perfect Duties
References
3 Recognizing Environmental Duties and Applying Our “Fair and Reasoned” Criteria
1 Perfect and Imperfect Environmental Duties
2 Imperfect Duty and Its Practical Limitation
3 Some Maxims for Reasoned Environmental Discourse
4 The Nature of Reasoned Environmental Discourse
4.1 The Attempted Dissemination of Information and the Obfuscations to Be Avoided
4.2 Fairness or Obfuscations
4.3 The Logic and Predominance of the Environmental Argument
5 Considered Moral Environmental Judgments
5.1 Collective Imperfect Duty
5.2 Considerations of “Fair and Reasoned”
6 Habermas’ Discourse Theory
7 Summary
References
4 The Philosophy of Community and the Environmental Ethic
1 Considerations of Specialness and Community Discourse
1.1 The Imperfect Collective Duties of Environmental Preservation
1.2 The Search for a Just Environmental Policy
2 Relations of Virtue, the Moral Community, and Environmental Organizations
3 The Specialness of Process
3.1 Problems in Our Environmental Categorical Imperative Process (CIP)
4 Nature as Sacred
5 The Collective and the Environment
References
5 Reaching Unbiased and Stable Environmental Decisions Through Fair and Reasoned Discourse
1 Introduction
1.1 The Institutions of Common Property Resource (CPR) Governance and Its Rhetoric
2 Anthropology of Environmental Discourse: Irrational Biases
2.1 Cooperation Versus Autonomy, and the Information Problem
2.2 The Bias Caused by Abundance
2.3 The Bias Due to an Overly Narrow Vision
2.4 The Bias Due to “It’s Gone!”
2.5 The Bias of not Having “broad Vision”
2.6 The Anti-Intellectual and Anti-Elite Bias
3 Reaching “Fair” Environmental Agreements Through Reasoned Discourse
3.1 Notions of Ethical Negotiators
3.2 Objectives of Fair Negotiation of the Principle of Initial Position
3.3 Six Posed Rules of Fair Negotiations
3.4 Definitions of Fair Agreement and Extent of Negotiations
4 Violations of Rules and Compensation
4.1 Negotiations with Multiple Counter Parties
4.2 Issue of Trust in Negotiations
4.3 Compensation Criteria When Violation of Rules is Unavoidable
5 Fairness Issues for Environmental Negotiations
5.1 Guides of Fairness and the Six Biases Against Environmental Agreements
References
6 The Environment as an Input to Production and as a Provider of Amenities
1 Industrial Production and Environmental Amenities
1.1 Welfare Analysis of Production and Environmental Amenities
2 Considerations of Valuation
3 The Equity Considerations of Future Generations and Distant People
3.1 The Intergenerational Problem
3.2 Distributional Effects on the Disadvantaged
3.3 The Problem of Equity for Distant People
4 Efficiency and the Coase Theorem
5 Cost–Benefit Analysis and Public Discourse
5.1 Measuring Impacts on Future Generations
6 Our Reasoned Social Discourse Concerning Equity and Efficiency
Appendix
The Production Possibility Frontier for the Environment
A1 The Production Function
References
7 Some Rhetoric of Environmental Equity and Economic Efficiency
1 Notions of Equity, Efficiency, and Externalities in Our Environmental Discourse
2 The Competitive Market and the Pursuit of the Moral Community
3 The Classical and Neoclassical Models of Competition
4 A Brief Review of the Forces of Supply and Demand and Societal Implications
4.1 Demand and Supply of Environmental Amenities
5 Market Allocation of Resources and Environmental Amenities: The Collective as Provider of Public Goods
5.1 Monopoly
5.2 Imperfect Competition
6 The Market Allocation of Resources: The Competitive Economy and Negative Externalities
7 Positive Environmental Externalities
8 Conclusion
References
8 Duty, Environmental Advocacy Organizations, and the Commons
1 Introduction
2 The Logic of the Commons
3 Notions of Duties and Their Establishment with Respect to the Commons
4 Applicability of Imperfect Duty to the Community and the Commons
5 Knowledge, Collective Imperfect Duty, and the Commons
6 The Establishment and Governance of the Commons
6.1 The Existence and Role of Environmental Advocacy Organizations (EAOs)
6.2 The Wilderness Society
6.3 The Sierra Club
6.4 The Environmental Defense Fund
6.5 Western Energy Alliance
7 Environmental NGOs, Coalitions, and Our Public Debate
References
9 The Current State of Environmental Discourse: Is It “Fair” or Otherwise?
1 Introduction
2 Clean Coal and Acid Rain
2.1 Coal and Its Effects
2.2 Coal and “Reasoned” Discourse
3 The Dead Zone
3.1 States’ Rights, and State Pollution Responsibilities
3.2 CAFOs and “Reasoned Discourse”
4 Permit Processes and the Natural Gas Glut
4.1 The BLM’s “Resource Management Plans”
4.2 The “Fracking” Glut
4.3 Oil Leasing and a Rational Decision Process
5 Species Preservation
5.1 The Audubon Society and Aviary Protection
5.2 Silent Spring and Its Noisy Opponents
5.3 Impacts of Silent Spring
6 Endangered Species Act of 1973
6.1 Habitat Preservation and a Reasoned Process
7 Conclusion
References
10 Some Environmental Organizations and Their “Fair and Reasoned” Contributions
1 Introduction: The Public Input and the Engineering of Our Environment
1.1 The Pre-conditions That Lead to the Formation of Environmental Organizations
1.2 The Everglades and Its Defending Organizations
1.3 The Development of the Problem
1.4 The Politics of Pollution
1.5 Issues of Restoration
2 The Columbia River Gorge and Its Defenders
2.1 Response to a Threat
2.2 The Fossil Fuel Highway
2.3 The “Columbia River Gorge Commission” and Land-Use Issues
2.4 The “Strategic Plan” of the “Friends of the Columbia River Gorge”
3 The Chesapeake Bay Foundation
3.1 The Chesapeake Bay Foundation and Six Current Significant Interrelated Issues
4 Riverkeepers: “Not Radical, but American in Disposition”
5 Environmental Organizations and the Process of Decisions
5.1 Applying Ostrom’s Institutional Analysis
5.2 The Political Power of Environmental Organizations
References
11 Cross Border Governmental Organizations and Tragedies of the Commons
1 Introduction
2 The Mismanagement of Two North American Fisheries
2.1 The Grand Banks and Georges Bank
2.2 The Salmon Fishery of the Pacific Northwest
2.3 Lessons from Two Fisheries
3 Saving Two of North America’s Significant Fresh Water Resources?
3.1 The Colorado River and Its Water Allocations
3.2 The Great Lakes and the Great Lakes Compact and Commission
4 Applying Ostrom’s Analysis and Fairness Criteria
5 Conclusions Concerning Tragedies of the Commons in Cross Border Contexts
References
12 Common Property Resources and the Making of the Global Tragedy
1 Introduction: The Global Commons and Its Tragedy
1.1 The Political Problem
2 Brazil’s Example of Deforestation and the Search for Fairness
2.1 The Legacy of Slash-and-Burn
2.2 The Brazilian Rain Forest and Deforestation
3 The Logic of the Global Commons
3.1 The Free-Rider Problem and Enforcement Institutions
3.2 Wide Acceptance and the Crisis-of-Information
4 North American Deforestation and the Clear-Cutting Controversy
4.1 Forest Clearing in US National Forests
4.2 Cutting the Tongass
4.3 Brazilian Deforestation, US Deforestation, and the Climate Crisis
5 Some Global Commons and Their Degradation Risks
5.1 Significant River Ecosystems as Global Common-Resources and Their Management
The Mekong River
The Danube River and Old World Pollution
The Nile River and Its Conflicts
5.2 Three River Systems and Their Inherent Conflicts
6 The Institutions of Global Environmental Reform
6.1 Some Global Organizations and Their Contributions
The World Wildlife Fund for Nature
The Nature Conservancy
Greenpeace
6.2 Environmental Organizations with Global Influence
7 A Justifiable Confidence in Change
References
13 Concluding Remarks: Our Environmental Advocacy Organizations and the Nature of the Crisis
1 Our Environmental Movement
References
Index