Environmental Management Technologies: Challenges and Opportunities

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Editors’ Biographies
Contributors
Part I Pollutants in the Environment
1 Emerging Environmental Pollutants: Current and Future Challenges
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Characteristics, Behavior and Fate of Emerging Pollutants
1.3 The Presence of Emerging Pollutants in the Aquatic Environment
1.4 Transport and Bioaccumulation of Emerging Pollutants
1.5 Environmental and Health Risks of Emerging Pollutants
1.6 Challenges and Limitations
1.7 Conclusion
References
2 Study On the Occurrence and Detection of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Wastewater Treatment Plants
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Detection and Analysis of NSAIDs
2.2.1 Target Drugs and Their Mechanism of Action
2.2.2 Sample Preparation Methods for Analyzing NSAIDs in Wastewater
2.2.3 Sample Analysis Methods for NSAIDs in Wastewater
2.3 Occurrence of NSAIDS in WWTPs
2.3.1 Occurrence of NSAIDs in WWTPs: the Indian Context
2.3.1.1 The South Zone
2.3.1.2 The North Zone
2.3.1.3 The Central Zone, the East Zone, the West Zone, and the North-East Zone
2.3.2 Environmental Risk Assessment
2.4 Removal of NSAIDS in WWTPs and Other Advanced Technologies
2.4.1 Conventional WWTPs and Treatment Technologies
2.4.2 Constructed Wetlands
2.4.3 Adsorption
2.4.4 Advanced Oxidation Processes
2.5 Conclusion
References
3 Organochlorine and Organophosphate Pesticides and Emerging Pollutants in the Ganga River System: An Overview
3.1 Introduction
3.2 History of the Use of Pesticides
3.3 The Role of Pesticides in Water Quality
3.4 Review of Pesticides and Their Presence in Water and Sediment of River System
3.5 Organochlorines and Organophosphates Pesticides in the Ganga River: Case Study of Silk City, Bhagalpur, Bihar, India
3.5.1 Lindane
3.5.2 Methyl Parathion
3.5.3 Endosulfan (a- and .-Endosulfan)
3.5.4 DDT (o,p’-DDT, Orthopara-DDT and P,p’-DDT, Parapara-DDT)
3.6 Regulatory Measures Relating to Emerging Contaminants
3.6.1 International Law
3.6.1.1 The Rotterdam Convention
3.6.1.2 The Stockholm Convention
3.7 Conclusion
References
4 Sources, Spread, and Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance: A Global Concern
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Sources and Spread of AMR
4.2.1 Antibiotics as an Emerging Contaminant
4.2.2 Sources of Antibiotic Resistance
4.2.2.1 Agriculture as the Sources
4.2.2.2 Sewage as the Sources
4.2.2.3 The Environment as the Source
4.3 Spread of Antimicrobial Resistance
4.4 Removal Strategies
4.5 Why AMR Is a Threat to Health
4.6 Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance
4.7 Conclusion
References
5 Black Trail in Blue Oceans
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Major Sea Pollutants
5.3 Black Trail and Sewage
5.4 Conclusion
References
6 Health Hazards of Food Allergens and Related Safety Measures
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Food Hypersensitivity
6.2.1 Food Allergy
6.2.2 Epidemiology
6.3 Food Allergens and Common Features
6.4 Factors Influencing Food Allergenicity
6.4.1 Cross-Reactivity
6.4.2 Types of Food Allergies
6.4.3 Immediate Or IgE-Mediated Food Allergy
6.5 Food Allergy Management
6.5.1 Immunotherapy
6.5.2 Diagnosis
6.5.3 Differential Diagnosis
6.6 Food Allergy Prevention
6.6.1 Introduction of Allergenic Foods
6.6.2 Avoidance of Allergens
6.6.3 Nutritional Facts Labels
6.6.4 Hypoallergenic Food Production
6.7 Challenges and Future Prospects
6.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Part II Remediation and Management of Pollutants
7 The Role of Microbes in Environmental Contaminants’ Management
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Contribution of Microbes to the Clean-Up of Environmental Pollutants
7.2.1 Different Strategies for Environmental Contaminants Management
7.2.1.1 Metabolic Engineering (ME)
7.2.1.2 Optimizing Recombinant DNA (RDNA)
7.2.1.3 Plasmids
7.2.1.4 Expression Systems
7.2.1.5 Post-Transcriptional Processing
7.2.1.6 Transposons
7.2.1.7 Family Shuffling and Genome Rearranging
7.2.1.8 Genome Rearranging (GR)
7.3 Environmental Contaminants (ECs)
7.4 Role of Microbes in Some Important Water Pollutants Management
7.4.1 The Food Processing Industries
7.4.2 The Pharmaceutical Industry
7.4.3 The Textile Industry (TI)
7.4.4 The Petrochemical Industries (PCI)
7.4.5 The Explosives Industry
7.4.6 The Distillery Industry (DI)
7.4.7 Heavy Metals (HM) Remediation
7.4.8 Microbial Management Strategies for Pesticides
7.4.9 Microbial Remediation of Hydrocarbons (HCs)
7.4.10 Plastic Biodegradation
7.4.10.1 Microbial Adherence
7.4.10.2 Fragmentation
7.4.10.3 Assimilation
7.4.10.4 Mineralization
7.5 Conclusion
References
8 Microbial Bioformulation Technology for Applications in Bioremediation
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Environmental Pollution and Remediation
8.2.1 Bioremediation
8.2.2 Bioformulation
8.3 Types of Bioformulations
8.3.1 Solid-Based Bioformulations
8.3.2 Liquid-Based Bioformulations
8.4 Bioformulation in Non-Bioremediation Applications
8.5 Bioformulation in Bioremediation Applications
8.6 Benefits and Limitations of Bioformulations
8.7 Commercial Bioformulations On the Market and Their Challenges
8.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
9 The Role of Microbes in the Degradation of Plastics and Directions Toward Greener Bioplastic
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Plastics Origins and Pollution
9.2.1 Bioplastics
9.2.2 Recycling Routes
9.2.3 Biopolymers
9.3 Classification of Plastics Based On Biodegradability
9.3.1 Non-Biodegradable Plastics
9.3.2 Biodegradable Plastics
9.3.2.1 Types of Biodegradable Plastics
9.4 Microbes and Their Mechanisms for Plastic Biodegradation
9.4.1 Degradation Routes
9.4.1.1 Biodegradation
9.4.1.2 Pyrolyse
9.4.1.3 Solvolysis
9.4.1.4 Biodegradability and Compostability
9.4.1.5 Bioplastic as a Packaging Material
9.4.2 Factors Affecting Plastic Biodegradation
9.4.2.1 Revelation States Moisture
9.4.2.2 PH and Temperature
9.4.2.3 Enzyme Characteristics
9.4.2.4 Polymer Characteristics
9.5 Current Research On Plastic Biodegradation
9.5.1 Sustainability and End-Of-Life Options for Bioplastics
9.6 Future Prospects
9.7 Conclusion
References
10 Microalgae: The Role of Phycoremediation in Treated Chrome Sludge From the Electroplating Industry and in Biomass Production
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Effect of Heavy Metals Contamination On the Environment
10.3 Methodology
10.4 Results and Discussion
10.4.1 Phycoremediation: Techniques and Mechanisms
10.4.2 Microalgae for Wastewaters Remediation
10.4.3 Phytoremediation for Heavy Metals Using Microalgae
10.5 Phycoremediation of Chrome Sludge From the Electroplating Industry
10.5.1 The Experiment Raceway Pond Study
10.5.2 Potential of Microalga Desmococcus Olivaceus Grown in Chrome Sludge of Electroplating Industry in the Open Raceway Pond Study
10.5.3 Growth and Chrome-Sludge Reduction By Desmococcus Olivaceus
10.5.4 Phycoremediation of Chromium Heavy Metal From the Electroplating Industry
10.5.5 Phycoremediation: Algal Biomass Production and Its Applications
10.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
11 Environmental Sensing and Detection of Toxic Heavy Metals By Metal Organic Frameworks-Based Electrochemical Sensors
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Types of MOF Composites
11.2.1 Structural Design of MOF Materials for Electrochemical Sensing
11.2.2 MOF-Based Sensors for Toxic Heavy Metal Ions Sensing
11.3 Conclusion
References
12 Beneficial Functions of Vermiwash and Vermicompost for Sustainable Agriculture
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Preparation of Vermiwash
12.2.1 Vermiwash Collection Method
12.2.2 Important Parameters for Vermicomposting
12.2.2.1 Selection of Earthworms
12.2.2.2 PH
12.2.2.3 Temperature
12.2.2.4 Moisture
12.2.2.5 Aeration
12.2.2.6 Site
12.3 Composition of Vermiwash and Its Specific Role
12.4 Efficacy as a Biopesticide/Pest Control Agent
12.5 Vermicompost and Vermiwash as Plant Growth Promoters
12.6 Advantages of Vermiwash Over Synthetic Inorganic Chemicals
12.7 Factors Leading to Soil Health Improvement and Enhancement of Crop Productivity By Vermicompost and Vermiwash
12.8 Conclusion
References
13 Phytoremediation of Mine Tailings
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Composition and Treatment of Mine Tailings
13.2.1 Bioremediation Techniques
13.2.2 Phytoremediation
13.2.3 Phytoremediation Factors, Mechanisms and Approaches
13.2.4 Screening Criteria of the Potential Phytoremediation Agent
13.2.5 Phytoremediation Mechanisms and Strategies
13.2.6 Phytoremediation Approaches in View of MTs Treatment
13.3 Advantages and Limitations of Phytoremediation of MINE TAILINGS
13.4 Conclusion
References
14 Advanced Functional Approaches of Nanotechnology in Food and Nutrition
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Nanomaterials Applied in Developing Food Nanocomposite Polymers
14.2.1 Nanofibers (NFs)
14.2.2 Nanolayers (NLs)
14.2.3 Nanoparticles (NPs)
14.3 Nanocarriers for Food Ingredients
14.4 Nanocomposites’ Applications in Food Packaging
14.4.1 Applications in Active Food Packaging
14.4.1.1 Active Packaging for Oxygen Scavenging
14.4.1.2 Anti-Microbial Food Packaging Applications
14.4.2 Improvement of Mechanical, Thermal, and Barrier Properties
14.4.3 Nanoparticles as Sensors in Smart Packaging
14.5 Nanosolutions Against Food Fraud
14.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
15 The Role of Nanotechnology in Insect Pest Management
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Nanoscale Components and Their Use
15.3 Nanomaterials
15.3.1 Synthesis of Nanoparticles
15.3.2 Natural Availability of Nanomaterials in an Insect Pest
15.3.3 Application of Nanoparticles Against Stored Grain Insect Pests
15.3.4 Efficacy of Nanoparticles Against Polyphagous Pests
15.3.5 Chemical and Biological Nanoparticles Against Insect Pests
15.4 Methods for the Preparation of Nanomaterials Based On Controlled Release Formulations (CRF) for Biocides Application
15.4.1 Nano-Based Formulations of Pesticides
15.4.2 Favourable Development of Nanopesticides Formulation
15.4.3 Nano-Encapsulation Pesticides Formulation Assists in Pest Management
15.4.4 Nano-Emulsions (NEs)
15.4.5 Polymers
15.5 Novel Nano-Insecticides Are Potential Tools Against Insect Pests in Crops
15.6 Applications of Nanoformulations of Pesticide
15.7 Conclusion
References
16 Polymer Nanocomposites for Wastewater Treatment
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Sources of Natural Polymers
16.3 Classification of Nanocomposites
16.3.1 Polymeric Matrix Nanocomposite
16.3.2 Metal Matrix Nanocomposites
16.3.3 Polymer/Ceramic Nanocomposites
16.3.4 Polymer/Layer Silicate (PLS) Nanocomposites
16.4 Applications of Polymer-Based Nanocomposites in Wastewater Treatment
16.4.1 Metal Ion Removal
16.4.2 Removal of Organic Contaminants
16.4.3 Oil and Water Separation
16.4.4 Removal of Other Pollutants
16.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
17 Ohmic Heating as an Advantageous Technology for the Food Industry: Prospects and Applications
17.1 Introduction
17.2 History of Ohmic Heating
17.3 Principles of Ohmic Heating
17.4 Process and Components of the Ohmic Heating System
17.4.1 The Set-Up of an Ohmic Heating System
17.5 Ideal Food Products
17.6 Benefits of Ohmic Heating
17.6.1 Nutritional Benefits
17.6.2 Microbial Inactivation Benefits
17.7 Process Parameters and Factors That Influence the Ohmic Heating Process
17.7.1 Electrical Conductivity (EC)
17.7.2 Field Strength
17.7.3 Frequency and Waveform
17.7.4 Electrodes
17.7.5 Particle Size
17.7.6 Ionic Concentration
17.7.7 Particle Concentration
17.7.8 Particle Location
17.8 Applications of Ohmic Heating
17.8.1 Pasteurization and Sterilization
17.8.2 Inactivation of Microorganisms
17.8.3 Enzyme Stabilization
17.8.4 Extraction
17.8.5 Blanching
17.8.6 Thawing
17.8.7 Flours and Starch
17.8.8 Fermentation
17.8.9 Electroporation Effects
17.8.10 Inactivation of Enzymes
17.9 Advantages of Ohmic Heating
17.10 Limitations and Disadvantages
17.11 Mathematical Modelling
17.12 Ohmic Heating Effects On Quality Characteristics of Foods
17.12.1 Water Absorption Capacity (WAC) and Water Solubility Index (WSI)
17.12.2 Pasting Properties
17.12.3 Thermal Properties
17.13 Current Status of Ohmic Heating Globally
17.14 Conclusion
References
18 Nanoparticles Synthesis From Kitchen Waste: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Prospects
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Green Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Using Kitchen Food Waste
18.2.1 Metal Ion Solution
18.2.2 Biological Reducing Agents
18.2.3 Separation of MNPs
18.2.4 Monitoring of MNPs
18.2.5 Mechanism of MNPs’ Synthesis
18.2.6 Factors Affecting MNPs Synthesis
18.3 Silver and Gold Nanoparticles Produced By Kitchen Food Waste
18.3.1 Silver (Ag) Nanoparticles
18.3.2 Gold (Au) Nanoparticles
18.3.3 Other Types of Nanoparticles
18.4 Applications of MNPs
18.5 Conclusion
References
19 Artificial Intelligence-Based Smart Waste Management for the Circular Economy
19.1 Introduction
19.2 The Importance of Artificial Intelligence in Municipal Waste Management
19.3 The Role of Artificial Intelligence in the Stages of Waste Management
19.3.1 Dustbins
19.3.1.1 The Overflow Issue
19.3.1.2 Wrong Sorting Issue
19.3.2 Recycling
19.3.3 Energy Recovery
19.3.4 Landfill Disposal
19.4 The Circular Economy and Artificial Intelligence
19.4.1 Plastics
19.4.2 Aluminum
19.5 Artificial Intelligence and Sustainable Development Goals
19.6 Challenges of Artificial Intelligence
19.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Index