Environmental Compliance Handbook, Volume 4: Sustainability and Future Environmental Regulations

Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Acronyms, Elements, Symbols, Molecules and Units of Measure
Chapter 1 Overview and Themes
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Major Themes of This Book
1.2.1 Theme 1: No Matter Where You Are, It’s All the Same
1.2.2 Theme 2: Understanding Nature
1.2.3 Theme 3: The Science of Contamination
1.2.4 Theme 4: Contaminant Risks Are Not Equal
1.2.5 Theme 5: The Cost of Cleaning up the Environment
1.2.6 Theme 6: Protecting the Air, Water, Land, and Living Organisms
1.2.7 Theme 7: The Heart of Sustainability and Future Environmental Regulations
1.3. Summary
References
Chapter 2 History of Sustainability
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Framing and Acceptance of Sustainability
2.3 Donora, Pennsylvania, 1948 Air Pollution Incident
2.4 Geography and Climate
2.5 Overview of Environmental Regulations of the United States
2.6 The Birth of the Environmental Movement and Regulations in the United States
2.7 Formation of National Policy and the Environmental Protection Agency
2.8 Environmental Laws of the United States
2.9 National Environmental Protection Act
2.10 Environmental Justice
2.11 Environmental Enforcement
2.12 Summary of the History of Environmental Regulations and Sustainability of the United States
References
Chapter 3 The Science of Contamination
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Defining Contamination
3.3 Release of Contamination into the Environment
3.4 Fate and Transport of Contaminants
3.4.1 VOCs
3.4.2 PAHs
3.4.3 PCBs
3.4.4 SVOCs
3.4.5 Heavy Metals
3.4.5.1 Pesticides and Herbicides
3.4.5.2 Dioxins
3.4.5.3 Fertilizers
3.4.5.4 Cyanide
3.4.5.5 Asbestos
3.4.5.6 Acids and Bases
3.4.5.7 Radioactive Compounds
3.4.5.8 Greenhouse Gases
3.4.5.9 Carbon Dioxide
3.4.5.10 Carbon Monoxide
3.4.5.11 Ozone
3.4.5.12 Sulfur Dioxide
3.4.5.13 Particulate Matter
3.4.5.14 Bacteria, Parasites, and Viruses
3.4.5.15 Invasive Species
3.4.5.16 Polyfluoroalkyl Substances
3.4.5.17 Emerging Contaminants
3.5 Summary and Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Environmental Risk of Contaminants
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Groundwater Contaminant Risk Factor
4.3 Soil Contaminant Risk Factor
4.4 Air Contaminant Risk Factor
4.5 Discussion and Implications
4.6 Summary and Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Nature’s Feedback to Contamination
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Subsurface Vulnerability and Vulnerability Map Development
5.3 Methods
5.4 Demonstrating the Significance of Vulnerability Mapping
5.4.1 Site 1—Low-­Vulnerability Site
5.4.2 Site 2—High­Vulnerability Site
5.4.3 Site Comparison Analysis
5.5 Summary and Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Environmental Investigations
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Types and Description of Subsurface Environmental Investigations, Studies, Plans, or Reports
6.2.1 Phase I Environmental Site Assessment
6.2.2 Health and Safety
6.2.3 Demolition
6.2.4 Phase II Environmental Site Assessment
6.2.5 Geophysical Investigation
6.2.6 Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment
6.2.7 Feasibility Study
6.2.8 Remedial Investigation
6.2.9 Natural Resource Damage Assessment
6.2.10 Environmental Impact Statement
6.2.11 Remedial Action Plan
6.2.12 Completion Evaluation Study
6.2.13 Summary of Environmental Investigations
6.3 Common Environmental Sampling Methods
6.3.1 Soil Sampling and Description
6.3.1.1 Surface Sampling
6.3.1.2 Excavating Test Pits
6.3.1.3 Drilling Using a Hand Auger
6.3.1.4 Mechanical Drilling Methods
6.3.1.5 High­Resolution Sampling
6.3.1.6 Sample Containers
6.3.1.7 Documentation
6.3.2 Groundwater Sampling Methods
6.3.2.1 Installing a Monitoring Well
6.3.2.2 Groundwater Sampling
6.3.3 Sediment Sampling
6.3.4 Surface Water Sampling
6.3.5 Air Sampling
6.3.5.1 Indoor Air Sampling
6.3.5.2 Outdoor Air Sampling
6.4 Summary and Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Repairing Nature
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Remediation Overview
7.3 Remediation Criteria
7.4 Common Soil Remediation Technologies
7.4.1 Soil Excavation
7.4.2 Bioremediation
7.4.3 Monitored Natural Attenuation
7.4.4 Mechanical Soil Aeration
7.4.5 Capping
7.4.6 Land Use Restrictions
7.4.7 Soil Vapor Extraction
7.4.8 Phytoremediation
7.4.9 Soil Washing
7.4.10 In Situ Thermal Treatment
7.4.11 Ex Situ Thermal Treatment
7.4.12 Electrokinetics
7.4.13 Solidification/Stabilization
7.4.14 Fracturing
7.4.15 Vitrification
7.4.16 Chemical Oxidation
7.4.17 Chemical Dehalogenation
7.4.18 Summary of Soil Remediation Technologies
7.5 Common Groundwater Remediation Technologies
7.5.1 Groundwater Pump and Treat
7.5.2 In Situ Soil Flushing
7.5.3 Air Sparging
7.5.4 Permeable Reactive Barriers
7.5.5 Injection of Biological Agents
7.5.6 Injection of Chemical Agents
7.5.7 Monitored Natural Attenuation
7.5.8 Institutional Controls
7.5.9 Multiphase Extraction
7.5.10 Summary of Groundwater Remediation Technologies
7.6 Sediment Remediation
7.6.1 Source Control
7.6.2 Excavation
7.6.3 Dredging
7.6.4 Bioremediation
7.6.5 Capping
7.6.6 Natural Attenuation
7.6.7 Summary of Sediment Remediation Technologies
7.7 Surface Water Remediation
7.7.1 Source Control
7.7.2 Engineered Wetlands
7.7.3 Direct Removal
7.7.4 Summary of Surface Water Remediation
7.8 Air Remediation
7.9 Cost of Remediation
7.10 Summary and Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Climate Change and Its Influence on Sustainability
8.1 Introduction to Climate Change
8.2 Defining Climate
8.3 History of Climate Science and Greenhouse Gases
8.4 Climate Change Regulatory History
8.4.1 Global Climate Protection Act
8.4.2 Kyoto Protocol
8.4.3 Paris Climate Agreement
8.4.4 The Clean Air Act
8.4.5 Energy Policy Act
8.4.6 Summary of Climate and GHG Regulations in the United States
8.5 Global Involvement
8.5.1 GHG Protocol
8.5.2 Future Potential GHG Regulations
8.6 High­Altitude Ozone
8.7 Acid Rain and Smog­Forming Air Pollution
8.8 Sustainability Measures to Lower GHG Emissions at the Individual Level
8.9 Summary of Climate Change
References
Chapter 9 Protecting the Air
9.1 Introduction to Air Pollution Regulations
9.2 Controlling Factors
9.3 Clean Air Act
9.3.1 Criteria Pollutants and NAAQS Standards
9.3.2 Hazardous Air Pollutants
9.3.3 National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
9.3.4 Stationary Sources
9.3.4.1 Major Sources
9.3.4.2 Minor Sources and Synthetic Minor Sources
9.3.4.3 Area Source
9.3.4.4 Air Permitting Process for Stationary Sources
9.3.4.5 Air Pollutant Capture from Stationary Sources
9.3.4.6 Compliance Testing of Air Emissions
9.3.4.7 Demonstrating Air Permit Compliance
9.3.5 Mobile Sources
9.3.6 Acid Rain Reduction
9.3.7 Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change
9.3.8 Upper Atmospheric Ozone
9.3.9 Enforcement
9.3.10 Summary of the Clean Air Act
References
Chapter 10 Protecting the Water
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Clean Water Act
10.2.1 Point Source Surface Water Discharge
10.2.2 Stormwater
10.2.3 Wetlands
10.2.4 Pollution Prevention and Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasures
10.2.5 Summary of the Clean Water Act
10.3 Safe Drinking Water Act
10.3.1 Introduction
10.3.2 Maximum Contaminant Levels
10.3.3 National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations
10.3.4 Lead and Copper Rule
10.3.5 Corrosion Control
10.3.6 Summary of the Safe Drinking Water Act
10.4 Summary of Water Regulations
References
Chapter 11 Protecting the Land
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Resource, Conservation, and Recovery Act
11.2.1 Subtitle D—Non­Hazardous Waste
11.2.2 Subtitle C—Hazardous Waste
11.2.2.1 Characteristic Hazardous Waste
11.2.2.2 Listed Hazardous Waste
11.2.2.3 Universal Hazardous Waste
11.2.2.4 Used Oil
11.2.2.5 Contained­In Policy and Derived­From Rule
11.2.2.6 Land Disposal Restrictions
11.2.2.7 Analytical Methods
11.2.2.8 Hazardous Waste Manifests
11.2.3 Subtitle I­Petroleum Underground Storage Tanks
11.2.4 Summary of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
11.3. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
11.3.1 Introduction
11.3.2 Potential Responsible Parties
11.3.3 CERCLA History
11.3.3.1 Times Beach
11.3.3.2 Love Canal
11.3.3.3 Valley of the Drums
11.3.3.4 Wells G and H Superfund Site in Woburn, Massachusetts
11.3.3.5 Ciba­Geigy and Reich Farm Site in Toms River, New Jersey
11.3.3.6 PG&E Hinkley Site in California
11.3.3.7 Summary of CERCLA History
11.3.4 Site Scoring
11.3.5 Remediation Criteria
11.3.6 Summary of Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
11.4 Summary of Land Regulations
References
Chapter 12 Protecting Living Organisms and Historic and Cultural Sites
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Environmental Laws of the United States with Sustainability Implications
12.2.1 Toxic Substance Control Act
12.2.2 Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act and Emergency Planning and Community Right­to­Know Act
12.2.3 Pollution Prevention Act
12.2.4 Brownfield Revitalization Act
12.2.5 Lacey Act of 1900
12.2.6 Antiquities Act of 1906
12.2.7 Migratory Bird Treaty Act 1916
12.2.8 National Parks Act of 1916
12.2.9 National Historic Preservation Act of 1966
12.2.10 Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968
12.2.11 Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act of 1968
12.2.12 Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972
12.2.13 Marine Protection Act of 1972
12.2.14 Endangered Species Act of 1973
12.2.15 Fisheries Conservation and Management Act of 1976
12.2.16 National Forest Management Act of 1976
12.2.17 Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977
12.2.18 Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982
12.2.19 Global Climate Protection Act of 1987
12.2.20 Ocean Dumping Act of 1988
12.2.21 Oil Spill Prevention Act of 1990
12.2.22 Energy Policy Act of 1992 and 2005
12.2.23 Food Quality Protection Act of 1996
12.2.24 Marine Mammal Protection Act of 2015
12.3 Summary of United States Environmental Regulations that Protect the Biosphere and Sustainability Relevance
References
Chapter 13 Environmental Regulations and Pollution of the World
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Global Assessments and Standards
13.2.1 Air
13.2.2 Water
13.2.3 Land
13.2.4 Summary of Global Assessments and Standards
13.3 Antarctica
13.3.1 Pollution In Antarctica
13.3.2 Environmental Regulations of Antarctica
13.3.3 Summary of Environmental Regulations in Antarctica
13.4 Oceans
13.4.1 Ocean Pollution
13.4.2 Environmental Regulations of the Ocean
13.4.3 Summary of Environmental Regulations of the Oceans
13.5 Evaluating Environmental Regulations of the World
13.5.1 Evaluating and Ranking Each Country’s Regulatory Effectiveness
13.5.2 Environmental Challenges of Each Country
13.6 Summary and Conclusion
References
Chapter 14 Global­Level Sustainability Actions
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Defining Sustainability
14.3 Global Challenges That Sustainability Must Overcome
14.3.1 Power and Responsibility
14.3.2 Economic
14.3.3 Religion
14.4 United Nations Global Sustainability Goals
14.5 Cohesive Policy Actions from the Global Community
14.5.1 Building a Global Community
14.5.2 Cohesive Environmental Policy, Regulations, and Enforcement
14.5.3 Controlling the Human Population
14.5.4 Modifying the Human Diet
14.5.5 Financial Fairness and Equity Distribution
14.5.6 Modifying Business Models
14.5.7 Improving Our Relationship with Nature
14.5.8 Addressing Climate Change
14.6 Coordinating and Prioritizing Sustainability Initiatives at the Global Level
14.6.1 Science­Based Regulation Improvements
14.6.2 Modify Environmental Enforcement Emphasis and Policy
14.6.3 Ecological Restoration and Preservation
14.6.4 Managing Natural Resources
14.6.5 Improving Water Quality
14.6.6 Improving the Quality of the Oceans
14.6.7 Modifying Agriculture Practices
14.6.8 Limits on Herbicide and Pesticide Use
14.6.9 Controlling the Use of Fertilizers
14.6.10 Forest Management
14.6.11 Cooking Fuels
14.6.12 Urban Air Quality
14.6.13 Banning Harmful Chemicals
14.6.14 Emerging Contaminants
14.6.15 Addressing Invasive Species
14.6.16 Limiting Species Extinction
14.6.17 Improving Pollution Prevention
14.6.18 Urban Land Use
14.6.19 Noise Pollution
14.6.20 Household Waste
14.6.21 Non­Point Source Pollution
14.6.22 Consumer Products and Packaging
14.6.23 Sustainability Legislation
14.6.24 Measuring Sustainability Progress
14.6.25 Summary of New or Improved Regulations
14.7 Summary and Conclusion
References
Chapter 15 National­Level Sustainability Actions
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Improving Urban Areas
15.2.1 Geologic Vulnerability
15.2.2 Physical Chemistry of Pollutants
15.2.3 Informed Urban Development
15.2.4 Improving Our Relationship with Nature
15.2.5 Infrastructure Upgrades
15.3 Expanding Environmental Regulations
15.3.1 Modify Environmental Enforcement Emphasis and Policy
15.3.2 Science­Based Regulation Improvements
15.3.3 Regulating Agriculture
15.3.4 Improving Urban Air Quality
15.3.5 Banning Harmful Chemicals
15.3.6 Dealing with Emerging Contaminants
15.3.7 Addressing Invasive Species
15.3.8 Improving Pollution Prevention
15.3.9 Improving Urban Land Use
15.3.10 Regulating Noise Pollution
15.3.11 Improving Household Waste Regulation
15.3.12 Non­Point Source Pollution Improvements
15.3.13 Sustainability Regulations
15.3.14 Consumer Products and Packaging Improvements
15.3.15 Addressing Public Lands
15.3.16 Households
15.3.17 Climate Change
15.3.18 Summary of Expanding Environmental Regulations
15.4 Summary and Conclusion
References
Chapter 16 Individual Sustainability Actions
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Informed Urban Development
16.3 Pollution Prevention at the Local and Parcel Level
16.3.1 Implementing Pollution Prevention Techniques—Point Sources
16.3.1.1 Step 1: Establishing Objectives and Gathering Background Data
16.3.1.2 Step 2: Inventory of Hazardous Substances
16.3.1.3 Step 3: Assessing CRFs
16.3.1.4 Step 4: Preliminary Assessment of Geologic Vulnerability
16.3.1.5 Step 5: Preventing Pollution through ESPM Methods
16.3.1.6 Step 6: Assessing Results
16.3.1.7 Financial Incentives
16.3.2 Non­Point Source Pollution Prevention
16.3.3 Controlling Non­Point Sources of Pollution
16.4 Building and Maintaining a Sustainability Model
16.5 Sustainability at the Individual Level
16.6 Summary and Conclusion
References
Index