Environmental Compliance Handbook: Land

Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Acronyms, Elements, Symbols, Molecules, and Units of Measure
Chapter 1 Themes and Overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Major Themes of This Book
1.3 Theme 1: No Matter Where You Are, It’s All the Same
1.4 Theme 2: Pollution and Its Behavior in Nature
1.5 Theme 3: Land Use and Where Cities Are Built
1.6 Theme 4: History of Environmental Regulations
1.7 Theme 5: Complexity and Effectiveness of Environmental Regulations
1.8 Theme 6: Environmental Regulations and Pollution of the World
1.9 Theme 7: Maintaining Compliance with Environmental Regulations
1.10 Summary
1.11 References
Chapter 2 History of Land Pollution and the Beginning of Environmental Regulations in the United States
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Overview of Environmental Regulations for Land in the United States
2.3 The Birth of the Environmental Movement and Regulations in the United States
2.4 Formation of National Policy and the Environmental Protection Agency
2.5 Environmental Laws of the United States
2.6 National Environmental Protection Act
2.7 Environmental Justice
2.8 Environmental Enforcement
2.9 Current Status of Land Pollution in the United States
2.10 Summary of Land Pollution Regulations in the United States
2.11 References
Chapter 3 Land Contamination
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Need for Regulation
3.3 Toxicity of Contamination
3.4 Volatile Organic Compounds
3.4.1 Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquids
3.4.2 Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquids
3.4.3 Trihalomethanes
3.5 Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons
3.6 Polychlorinated Biphenyls
3.7 Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds
3.7.1 Phthalates
3.7.2 Phenol
3.7.3 Amines
3.7.4 Esters
3.8 Heavy Metals
3.9 Pesticides and Herbicides
3.10 Dioxins
3.11 Fertilizers
3.12 Cyanide
3.13 Asbestos
3.14 Acids and Bases
3.15 Radioactive Compounds
3.16 Greenhouse Gases
3.17 Carbon Dioxide
3.18 Carbon Monoxide
3.19 Ozone
3.20 Sulfur Dioxide
3.21 Particulate Matter
3.22 Bacteria, Parasites, and Viruses
3.23 Invasive Species
3.24 Polyfluoroalkyl Substances
3.25 Emerging Contaminants
3.26 Summary and Conclusion
3.27 References
Chapter 4 Nature’s Response to Land Contamination
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Release of Contamination into the Environment
4.3 Principles of Contaminant Fate and Transport
4.3.1 Basic Contaminant Transport Concepts
4.3.2 Basic Contaminant Degradation Concepts
4.3.2.1 Biotic Degradation
4.3.2.2 Abiotic Degradation
4.3.3 Transport and Fate of Contaminants in Soil
4.3.4 Transport and Fate of Contaminants in Surface Water
4.3.5 Transport and Fate of Contaminants in Groundwater
4.3.6 Transport and Fate of Contaminants in the Atmosphere
4.4 Fate and Transport of Contaminants
4.4.1 VOCs
4.4.2 PAHs
4.4.3 PCBs
4.4.4 SVOCs
4.4.5 Heavy Metals
4.4.6 Pesticides and Herbicides
4.4.7 Dioxins
4.4.8 Fertilizers
4.4.9 Cyanide
4.4.10 Asbestos
4.4.11 Acids and Bases
4.4.12 Radioactive Compounds
4.4.13 Greenhouse Gases
4.4.14 Carbon Dioxide
4.4.15 Carbon Monoxide
4.4.16 Ozone
4.4.17 Sulfur Dioxide
4.4.18 Particulate Matter
4.4.19 Bacteria, Parasites, and Viruses
4.4.20 Invasive Species
4.4.21 Polyfluoroalkyl Substances
4.4.22 Emerging Contaminants
4.5 Summary and Conclusion
4.6 References
Chapter 5 Resource, Conservation, and Recovery Act, Medical Waste, and Low-Level Radioactive Waste
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Subtitle D—Non-Hazardous Waste
5.3 Subtitle C—Hazardous Waste
5.3.1 Characteristic Hazardous Waste
5.3.2 Listed Hazardous Waste
5.3.3 Universal Hazardous Waste
5.3.4 Used Oil
5.3.5 Contained-In Policy and Derived-From Rule
5.3.6 Land Disposal Restrictions
5.3.7 Analytical Methods
5.3.8 Hazardous Waste Manifests
5.4 Subtitle I-Petroleum Underground Storage Tanks
5.5 Summary of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
5.6 Medical Waste
5.7 Low-Level Radioactive Waste
5.8 References
Chapter 6 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Potential Responsible Parties
6.3 CERCLA History
6.3.1 Times Beach
6.3.2 Love Canal
6.3.3 Valley of the Drums
6.3.4 Wells G and H Superfund Site in Woburn, Massachusetts
6.3.5 Ciba-Geigy and Reich Farm Site in Toms River, New Jersey
6.3.6 PG&E Hinkley Site in California
6.3.7 Summary of CERCLA History
6.4 Site Scoring
6.5 Remediation Criteria
6.6 Summary of Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
6.7 References
Chapter 7 Hazardous Materials Transportation Act, Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act, Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act, Toxic Substance Control Act, Pollution Prevention Act, Brownfield Revitalization Act
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Hazardous Materials Transportation Act
7.2.1 Material Designation and Labeling
7.3 Toxic Substance Control Act
7.3.1 Restricting Chemicals
7.3.2 Regulating PCBs under TSCA
7.4 Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act and Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
7.5 Pollution Prevention Act
7.6 Brownfield Revitalization Act
7.7 Summary and Conclusions
7.8 References
Chapter 8 Land-Related Environmental Regulations of the United States
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Insecticide Act; Feed, Drug, and Cosmetic Act; and Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
8.2.1 The Insecticide Act of 1910
8.2.2 The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
8.2.3 The Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act of 1947
8.3 Occupational Safety and Health Act
8.4 Lacey Act of 1900
8.5 Antiquities Act of 1906
8.6 Migratory Bird Treaty Act 1916
8.7 National Parks Act of 1916
8.8 Mineral Leasing Act of 1920
8.9 Federal Power Act of 1935
8.10 Atomic Energy Act of 1954
8.11 National Historic Preservation Act of 1966
8.12 Endangered Species Act of 1973
8.13 National Forest Management Act of 1976
8.14 Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977
8.15 Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982
8.16 Energy Policy Act of 1992 and 2005
8.17 Food Quality Protection Act of 1996
8.18 Summary of Environmental Regulations of the United States
8.19 References
Chapter 9 Review of Global Assessments and Standards for Land Contamination
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Climate and Geographic Influences
9.3 Global Assessments and Environmental Standards for Land Pollution
9.4 Summary of Global Assessments and Standards
9.5 References
Chapter 10 Land Pollution Regulations of North America
10.1 Introduction to North America
10.2 Canada
10.2.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview of Canada
10.2.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste
10.2.3 Remediation Standards
10.2.4 Summary of Environmental Regulations of Canada
10.3 Mexico
10.3.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview of Mexico
10.3.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste
10.3.3 Remediation Standards
10.3.4 Summary of Environmental Regulations in Mexico
10.4 Summary and Conclusion
10.5 References
Chapter 11 Land Pollution Regulations of Europe
11.1 Introduction
11.2 European Union
11.2.1 European Union Environmental Regulatory Overview
11.2.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste
11.2.3 Remediation
11.2.4 Summary of Environmental Regulations of the European Union
11.3 Russia
11.3.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview and History of Russia
11.3.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste
11.3.3 Environmental Impact Assessments
11.3.4 Summary of Environmental Regulations and Protection in Russia
11.4 Norway
11.4.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview of Norway
11.4.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste
11.4.3 Remediation
11.4.4 Summary of Environmental Regulations of Norway
11.5 Switzerland
11.5.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview of Switzerland
11.5.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste
11.5.3 Remediation
11.5.4 Summary of Environmental Regulations of Switzerland
11.6 Turkey
11.6.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview of Turkey
11.6.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste
11.6.3 Remediation
11.6.4 Summary of Environmental Regulations in Turkey
11.7 Summary and Conclusions
11.8 References
Chapter 12 Land Pollution Regulations of Africa
12.1 Introduction
12.2 South Africa
12.2.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview of South Africa
12.2.2 Waste Management
12.2.3 Remediation Standards
12.2.4 Summary of South Africa Land Environmental Regulations
12.3 Kenya
12.3.1 Overview of Kenya Environmental Regulations
12.3.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste
12.3.3 Remediation Standards
12.3.4 Summary of Land Environmental Regulations of Kenya
12.4 Tanzania
12.4.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview of Tanzania
12.4.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste
12.4.3 Remediation Standards
12.4.4 Summary of Land Environmental Regulations of Tanzania
12.5 Egypt
12.5.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview of Egypt
12.5.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste
12.5.3 Remediation Standards
12.5.4 Summary of Egyptian Land Environmental Regulations
12.6 Summary and Conclusion
12.7 References
Chapter 13 Land Pollution Regulations of Asia
13.1 Introduction
13.2 China
13.2.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview of China
13.2.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste
13.2.3 Remediation Standards
13.2.4 Summary of Environmental Regulations in China
13.3 Japan
13.3.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview of Japan
13.3.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste
13.3.3 Remediation Standards
13.3.4 Summary of Environmental Regulations of Japan
13.4 India
13.4.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview of India
13.4.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste
13.4.3 Remediation Standards
13.4.4 Summary of Environmental Regulations of India
13.5 South Korea
13.5.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview of South Korea
13.5.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste
13.5.3 Remediation Standards
13.5.4 Summary of Environmental Regulations of Korea
13.6 Saudi Arabia
13.6.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview of Saudi Arabia
13.6.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste
13.6.3 Remediation Standards
13.6.4 Summary of Environmental Regulations of Saudi Arabia
13.7 Indonesia
13.7.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview of Indonesia
13.7.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste
13.7.3 Remediation Standards
13.7.4 Summary of Environmental Regulations in Indonesia
13.8 Malaysia
13.8.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview of Malaysia
13.8.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste
13.8.3 Remediation Standards
13.8.4 Summary of Environmental Regulations of Malaysia
13.9 Summary and Conclusion
13.10 References
Chapter 14 Land Pollution Regulations of Oceania
14.1 Oceania
14.2 Australia
14.2.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview of Australia
14.2.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste
14.2.3 Remediation Standards
14.2.4 Summary of Environmental Regulations of Australia
14.3 New Zealand
14.3.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview of New Zealand
14.3.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste
14.3.3 Remediation Standards
14.3.4 Summary of Environmental Regulations of New Zealand
14.4 Summary and Conclusion
14.5 References
Chapter 15 Land Pollution Regulations of South America
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Argentina
15.2.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview of Argentina
15.2.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste
15.2.3 Remediation Standards
15.2.4 Summary of Environmental Regulations of Argentina
15.3 Brazil
15.3.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview of Brazil
15.3.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste
15.3.3 Remediation Standards
15.3.4 Summary of Environmental Regulations of Brazil
15.4 Chile
15.4.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview of Chile
15.4.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste
15.4.3 Remediation Standards
15.4.4 Summary of Environmental Regulations of Chile
15.5 Peru
15.5.1 Environmental Regulatory Overview of Peru
15.5.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste
15.5.3 Remediation Standards
15.5.4 Summary of Environmental Regulations of Peru
15.6 Summary and Conclusion
15.7 References
Chapter 16 Current Status of Land Pollution and Regulations of the World
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Antarctica
16.2.1 Pollution in Antarctica
16.2.2 Environmental Regulations of Antarctica
16.2.3 Summary of Environmental Regulations in Antarctica
16.3 Oceans
16.3.1 Ocean Pollution
16.3.2 Environmental Regulations of the Oceans
16.3.3 Summary of Environmental Regulations of the Oceans
16.4 Summary of Environmental Regulations and Water Pollution of the World
16.4.1 Evaluating and Ranking Each Country’s Regulatory Effectiveness for Land
16.4.2 Environmental Challenges of Each Country
16.5 Summary and Conclusion
16.6 References
Chapter 17 Achieving and Maintaining Compliance with Land Regulations
17.1 Introduction
17.2 USEPA Audit Policy
17.3 Starting the Process
17.4 Conducting an Environmental Audit
17.4.1 Categories of Findings
17.4.2 Document List
17.4.3 Opening Meeting
17.4.4 Environmental Audit Checklist
17.4.4.1 Hazardous Waste
17.4.4.2 Solid Waste
17.4.4.3 Used Oil
17.4.4.4 Universal Waste
17.4.4.5 Company Owned or Operated Landfills
17.4.4.6 Spills
17.4.4.7 PCBs
17.4.4.8 Storage Tanks
17.4.4.9 Hazardous Materials
17.4.4.10 Toxic Substance Control Act
17.4.4.11 Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know-Act
17.4.4.12 Site Inspection
17.4.4.13 Closing Meeting
17.4.4.14 Report Preparation
17.5 Agency Inspections
17.6 Environmental Audits and Sustainability
17.7 Summary of Fundamental Concepts of Environmental Compliance
17.8 References
Index