For more than a century, biotechnology has acted as a vital buffer between people, pollution and the environment. The field is designed to moderate, if not eliminate, the stresses we inflict upon the world's ecosystems. In order to do this effectively, a systems approach must be employed to maximize the sustainability of our efforts and improve the long term health our environment. This book will address the questions of how and why knowledge and understanding of the physical, chemical, and biological principles of the environment must be achieved for the effective development of biotechnology applications. Using a systems biology approach, Environmental Biotechnology will provide a context for researchers and practitioners in environmental science. It will serve as a complement to the useful guidebooks which provide the necessary specifications and criteria for a wide range of environmental designs and applications by providing the underlying principles for the specifications, an area which is most important to scientific researchers in this arena to develop further technologies. * Provides a systems approach to biotechnologies which includes the physical, biological, and chemical processes in context* Case studies include cutting-edge technologies such as nanobiotechnologies and green engineering * Addresses both the applications and implications of biotechnologies by following the life-cycle of a variety of established and developing biotechnologies
Author(s): Daniel A. Vallero
Edition: 1
Year: 2010
Language: English
Pages: 742
Front Cover
......Page 1
Environmental Biotechnology: AnbspBiosystems Approach......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Dedication
......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
PREFACE......Page 10
CHAPTER 1
Environmental Biotechnology: An Overview......Page 22
BIOCHEMODYNAMICS......Page 23
ASSESSING BIOTECHNOLOGICAL IMPACTS......Page 24
BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOENGINEERING......Page 31
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AS A DISCIPLINE......Page 36
BIOTECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY......Page 37
RISKS AND RELIABILITY OF NEW BIOTECHNOLOGIES......Page 38
BEYOND BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS......Page 41
THE SCIENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY......Page 45
BOXES AND ENVELOPES: PUSHING THE BOUNDARIES,CONTAINING THE RISKS......Page 46
RESPONSIBLE BIOENGINEERING......Page 47
NOTES AND COMMENTARY......Page 62
LESSONS FROM ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS......Page 66
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOMIMICRY......Page 77
ENGINEERED SYSTEMS INSPIRED BY BIOLOGY......Page 79
ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY......Page 82
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOCHEMODYNAMICS......Page 86
BIOPHILE CYCLING......Page 93
CARBON BIOGEOCHEMISTRY......Page 96
NITROGEN AND SULFUR BIOCHEMODYNAMICS......Page 108
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 116
NOTES AND RESOURCES......Page 118
CELLULAR THERMODYNAMICS......Page 120
THERMODYNAMICS IN ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC SYSTEMS......Page 131
BIOCHEMODYNAMIC TRANSPORT......Page 163
Notes and Commentary......Page 185
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEMS......Page 188
PUTTING BIOLOGY TO WORK......Page 192
TRANSFORMING DATA INTO INFORMATION: INDICES......Page 196
CONCENTRATION-BASED MASS BALANCE MODELING [13]......Page 202
FUGACITY, Z VALUES, AND HENRY’S LAW......Page 206
FUGACITY-BASED MASS BALANCE MODELING [17]......Page 210
BIOLOGY MEETS CHEMISTRY......Page 213
IMPORTANCE OF SCALE IN BIOSYSTEMS......Page 218
USING BIOINDICATORS......Page 223
BIOSENSORS......Page 231
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GREEN ENGINEERING ANDnbspBIOTECHNOLOGY......Page 233
NOTES AND COMMENTARY......Page 247
ESTIMATING BIOTECHNOLOGICAL RISKS......Page 250
EXPOSURE ESTIMATION......Page 269
DIRECT BIOENGINEERING RISK CALCULATIONS......Page 276
RISK-BASED CLEANUP STANDARDS......Page 279
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 291
NOTES AND COMMENTARY......Page 292
CHAPTER 6
Biotechnological Risks......Page 296
RISK QUOTIENT METHOD AND LEVELS OF CONCERN [5]......Page 299
BIOSYSTEMATIC INTERVENTION......Page 302
CHEMICAL INDICATORS OF BIOLOGICAL AGENTS......Page 314
RISK CAUSES......Page 316
FAILURE: HUMAN FACTORS ENGINEERING......Page 327
BIOTERRORISM: BAD BIOTECHNOLOGY......Page 335
NOTES AND COMMENTARY......Page 342
CHAPTER 7
Applied Microbial Ecology: Bioremediation......Page 346
SYSTEMATIC VIEW OF OXYGEN......Page 349
BIODEGRADATION AND BIOREMEDIATION......Page 352
BIOCHEMODYNAMICS OF BIOREMEDIATION......Page 353
OFF-SITE TREATMENT......Page 355
DIGESTION......Page 356
AEROBIC BIODEGRADATION......Page 368
ANAEROBIC BIODEGRADATION......Page 377
MULTIMEDIA-MULTIPHASE BIOREMEDIATION......Page 379
PHYTOREMEDIATION......Page 381
BIOMARKERS......Page 382
BIOENGINEERING CONSIDERATIONS FOR GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS......Page 383
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 417
NOTES AND COMMENTARY......Page 418
CHAPTER 8
Biotechnological Implications: A Systems Approach......Page 422
SYSTEMATIC VIEW OF BIOTECHNOLOGICAL RISKS......Page 425
APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS......Page 426
PREDICTING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS......Page 431
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS OF ENGINEERING ORGANISMS......Page 438
GENETIC ENGINEERING BASICS......Page 442
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF CISGENIC AND TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS......Page 445
NOTES AND COMMENTARY......Page 461
CHAPTER 9
Environmental Risks ofnbspBiotechnologies: Economic Sector Perspectives......Page 464
INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY......Page 467
PRODUCTION OF ENZYMES [18]......Page 468
MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY......Page 480
ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY......Page 497
AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY......Page 498
NOTES AND COMMENTARY......Page 508
CHAPTER 10
Addressing Biotechnological Pollutants......Page 512
INTERVENTION AT THE SOURCE OF CONTAMINATION......Page 513
INTERVENTION AT THE POINT OF RELEASE......Page 518
INTERVENTION DURING TRANSPORT......Page 519
INTERVENTION AT THE POINT OF RESPONSE......Page 521
SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS......Page 527
SOURCES OF UNCERTAINTY......Page 550
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 557
NOTES AND COMMENTARY......Page 558
PREDICTING AND MANAGING OUTCOMES......Page 560
LIFE CYCLE AS AN ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY......Page 572
REVISITING FAILURE AND BLAME......Page 573
APPLYING KNOWLEDGE AND GAINING WISDOM......Page 575
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING......Page 578
SCIENCE AS A SOCIAL ENTERPRISE......Page 579
ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTABILITY......Page 581
LIFE CYCLE APPLICATIONS [12]......Page 582
UTILITY AND THE BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS......Page 586
PREDICTING ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE......Page 588
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 595
NOTES AND REFERENCES......Page 596
CHAPTER 12
Responsible Management of Biotechnologies......Page 598
BIOENGINEERING PERSPECTIVES......Page 599
CODES OF CONDUCT......Page 600
ETHICS AND DECISIONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY......Page 606
SYSTEMATIC BIOTECHNOLOGY AND THE STATUS QUO......Page 607
A FEW WORDS ABOUT ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS......Page 614
BIOTECHNOLOGY DECISION TOOLS......Page 618
CHARACTERIZING SUCCESS AND FAILURE......Page 619
GREEN ENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY......Page 626
BIOENGINEERING SAFETY......Page 628
RELIABILITY OF BIOTECHNOLOGIES......Page 630
RELIABILITY OF BIOTECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEMS......Page 636
RISK HOMEOSTASIS AND THE THEORY OF OFFSETTING BEHAVIOR......Page 640
CHAOS AND ARTIFACTS......Page 641
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 651
SUMMARY OF THE COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY GUIDANCE FOR COMPLIANCE WITH THE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT OF 1969......Page 656
FORMAT OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT......Page 660
REQUIRED COVER SHEET FOR AN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT......Page 661
APPENDIX 2
Cancer Slope Factors......Page 662
APPENDIX 3
Verification Method for Rapid Polymerase Chain Reaction Systems to Detect Biological Agents......Page 670
Notes......Page 671
APPENDIX 4
Summary of Persistent and Toxic Organic Compounds in North America, Identified by the United Nations as Highest Priorities for Regional Actions......Page 672
APPENDIX 5
Sample Retrieval from ECOTOX Database for Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Exposed to DDT and its Metabolites in Freshwater......Page 683
GLOSSARY......Page 700
INDEX......Page 758
Color plate
......Page 764
