Environmental Applications of Remote Sensing and GIS in Libya

Preface
Acknowledgments
About This Book
Contents
About the Editor
Contributors
Introduction to Environmental Applications of Remote Sensing and GIS in Libya
1 Libya: A Brief Background
2 The Use of Remote Sensing and GIS Applications in Libya
3 Summaries of the Book´s Chapters
References
Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Land Cover/Land Use Mapping and Change Detection Using Google Earth Engine Platform: ...
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Study Area
2.2 Data Processing
2.2.1 Image Preprocessing
2.2.2 Land Cover Categories
2.2.3 Image Classification and Accuracy Assessment
2.2.4 Change Detection Analysis
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Spectral Behavior of Land Cover Classes
3.2 Land Cover Classification and Accuracy Assessments
3.3 Land Use Change Detection Using Post-classification Comparison Approach
3.4 Land Use Change Detection Using NDVI Change Ratio
3.5 Potential Impacts of Land Cover and Land Use Change
4 Conclusion
References
Evaluation of Selected Vegetation Indices to Assess Rangeland Vegetation in Eastern Libya
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Study Area
2.2 Field Survey
2.3 GBVP Image Classification
3 Remote Sensing Data
3.1 Landsat Image Classification
3.2 Worldview 2 Image Classification
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Ground Based Vertical Photography (GBVP) Method
4.2 GBVP Image Classification
4.3 Vegetation Indices Analysis Using GBVP Imagery
4.4 Accuracy Assessment of Vegetation Cover
4.5 Worldview 2 Image Classification
5 Conclusions
References
Spatiotemporal Analysis of Vegetation Health Index (VHI) and Drought Patterns in Libya Based on Remote Sensing Time Series
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Study Area
2.2 Remote Sensing Data
2.3 Data Processing
2.4 Evaluation Techniques
2.4.1 Station-Based Drought Indices
2.4.2 Vegetation Health Index (VHI) Validation
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Seasonal Temporal Correlations of VHI
3.2 Spatial and Temporal Characterization of VHI
3.3 Drought-Climatic Profile Curve
3.4 Vegetation Health Index (VHI) Trends
3.5 Drought Frequency, Consecutive, Intensity and Variability Patterns
3.6 Drought Hazards Patterns
4 Conclusion
Appendix 1 Monthly Drought in Libya Expressed by VHI during the Study Period (2000-2014)
Appendix 2 Seasons and Seasonal Drought over Libya Expressed by VHI during the Study Period (2000-2014)
References
Integration of Remotely Sensed Data and Machine Learning Technique for Spatial Prediction of Selected Soil Properties in North...
1 Introduction
2 Material and Methods
2.1 Study Area
2.2 Soil Samples Dataset
2.3 Environmental Covariates
2.4 Modeling Approach
2.5 Model Validation and Variable Importance
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Descriptive Statistics and Correlation Analysis
3.2 Measured vs. Predicted Values of the Selected Soil Properties Obtained from the Machine Learning Model
3.3 Environmental Covariates Importance
3.4 Spatial Distribution of the Selected Soil Properties Using the Machine Learning Model
4 Conclusion
References
Field and Laboratory Estimation of Soil Erodibility, Erosion and Degradation of the Semi-Arid Aljabal Alakhdar Region, Libya
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Study Sites and Soil Description
2.1.1 Field Erosion Plots Experiment, Northern Slopes
2.1.2 Estimation of Soil Erodibility by the Rainfall Simulation Experiment, the Northern Slopes
2.1.3 Soil Erodibility Estimation Using Dynamic Laboratory Tests, the Southern Slopes
2.2 Erosion Risk Assessment of the Southern Slopes Using GIS
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Erosion Plots Experiment, Northern Slopes of Al-Jabal Alkhdar
3.2 Soil Erodibility Assessment
3.3 The Simulated Rainfall Test
3.4 The Dynamic Laboratory Tests of Water Aggregates Stability (Wet Sieving)
3.5 Erosion Risk Assessment
4 Conclusions
References
DRAINMOD Applications to Design Drainage Systems in Libya Using Soil Salinity Data Predicted by GIS, Remote Sensing and Artifi...
1 Introduction
2 Material and Methods
2.1 Study Area and Soil Salinity Dataset
2.2 Remote Sensing Data and Salinity Indexes
2.3 Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
2.4 DRAINMOD
2.5 Software and Programming Used
3 Results
3.1 Performance of Artificial Neural Networks to Predict Soil Salinity
3.2 Potential Relative Yield Simulated By DRAINMOD and Soil Salinity Prediction Maps in EAP and HAP
4 Discussion
4.1 Development of ANNs
4.2 DRAINMOD Applications
4.3 Soil Salinity Mapping
5 Conclusions
References
Surface Water Potential and Suitable Sites Identification for RWH in the Semi-Arid and Arid Watershed of Wadi Sammalus, Northe...
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Study Area
2.2 Methodology
2.3 Stream Orders, Drainage Density and Slope
2.3.1 Stream Orders
2.3.2 Drainage Density
2.3.3 Slope
2.4 Runoff Estimation
2.4.1 Soil and the Landcover /Land Use (LULC)
2.5 Precipitation
2.6 Computation of Runoff by SCS-CN Method
2.7 RWH Site Suitability
2.7.1 Site Suitability
2.8 RWH Structures
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Spatial and Morphometric Analysis Characteristics
3.2 Stream Order
3.3 Drainage Density
3.4 Slope
3.5 Soil and LULC
3.6 Rainfall
3.7 Runoff Estimation
3.8 RWH Site Suitability
4 Conclusion
References
Stepwise Approach for Morphometric Modeling of Wadi Zamzam Watershed in North-Western Libya Using GIS and Remote Sensing Techn...
1 Introduction
2 The Study Area
3 Material and Methods
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 The Geology of the Study Area
4.1.1 Quaternary Deposits
4.1.2 Holocene Deposits
4.1.3 Pleistocene Deposits
4.1.4 Pliocene Deposits
4.1.5 Neogene, Paleogene, Middle Miocene, and Upper Oligocene Deposits
4.1.6 Paleogene-Oligocene Deposits
4.1.7 Eocene Deposits
Priabonian Deposits
Ypresian Deposits
4.1.8 Paleocene Deposits
Thanetian Deposits
Montian Deposits
4.1.9 Cretaceous Deposits
Maastrichtian Deposits
Cenomanian Deposits
4.1.10 Tectonic Geology
Certain Faults
Probable Faults
Concealed Faults
4.2 The Soil
4.2.1 Saline Soil (Sabkha)
4.2.2 Sedimentary Soil
4.2.3 Dry Soil
4.2.4 Desert Soil
4.3 Vegetation in the Wadi Zamzam Watershed
4.4 Climatic Characteristics of the Wadi Zamzam Watershed
4.5 Morphometric Parameters in the Wadi Zamzam Watershed
4.5.1 Areal Parameters
Watershed Area (A)
Watershed Perimeter (P)
Watershed Length (Lb)
Watershed Width
4.5.2 Shape Parameters
Form Factor
Elongation Ratio
Circularity Ratio
Lemniscate Ratio
Compactness Coefficient
4.5.3 Relief Parameter
Watershed Relief
Relief Ratio
Ruggedness Number
Hypsometric Analysis
Drainage Texture
4.5.4 Water Network Parameter
Stream Order (u) and Stream Number (Nu)
Stream Length (Lu) and Mean Stream Length (Lsm)
Bifurcation Ratio (Rb)
Drainage Density (Dd)
Stream Frequency (Fs)
Drainage Intensity (Di)
Infiltration Number (If)
Length of Overland Flow (Lof)
5 Conclusion
References
Geospatial Mapping and Analysis of the 2019 Flood Disaster Extent and Impact in the City of Ghat in Southwestern Libya Using G...
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Study Area
2.2 Climatic Characterization of the Region
2.3 Data and Methods
2.3.1 Flood Extent Extraction
2.3.2 Land Cover Classification Analysis
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Flood Inundation Mapping
3.2 Land Cover Mapping
3.3 Flood Damage Assessment
3.4 Effects of Frequent Flooding
3.5 Flood Causes and Mitigation Measures
3.5.1 Origin and Causes of Ghat Floods
3.5.2 Climatic History of the Ghat Floods
3.5.3 Possible Mitigation Measures
4 Conclusion
References
Oil Pollution Monitoring and Detection Using GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques: A Case Study from Libya
1 Introduction
2 Geology and Hydrogeology of the Study Area
3 Data Sets
4 Data Interpretation of Oil Fields
4.1 Satellite Imageries
4.1.1 Nafoora Oil Field
4.1.2 Nafoora Oil Field (CPS 1 and 2)
Landsat 4 (1972)
Landsat 5 (1984)
Landsat 7 ETM (2000)
Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) (2018)
5 Quantities Calculation
6 Terrain and Its Landscape
7 Conclusions
References
Conclusions and Recommendations for Environmental Applications of Remote Sensing and GIS in Libya
1 Introduction
2 Conclusions
3 Recommendations
References