Environmental Applications of Microbial Nanotechnology: Emerging Trends in Environmental Remediation

Cover
Environmental Applications of Microbial Nanotechnology
Copyright
List of contributors
Contents
Preface
About the editors
1 Nanotechnology as sustainable strategy for remediation of soil contaminants, air pollutants, and mitigation of food biode...
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Use of nanoparticle for soil and water purification/remediation
1.2.1 Adsorbent process
1.2.2 Membrane based process
1.2.3 Photocatalysis and antimicrobial NPs
1.3 Nanotechnology in heavy metals (HMs) removal
1.4 Contamination of stored foods by fungi and mycotoxins
1.5 Essential oils: a green chemical for preservation of stored foods
1.6 Mechanisms involving antifungal and antimycotoxigenic activities
1.6.1 Effect on ergosterol biosynthesis
1.6.2 Effect on leakage of cellular constituents
1.6.3 Effect of essential oils on energy metabolism
1.6.4 Effect of essential oils on cellular methylglyoxal
1.6.5 Molecular mechanism of antifungal and antimycotoxigenic activity
1.7 Nanotechnology: novel sustainable green strategy to protect foods
1.8 Safety assessment of essential oils
1.9 Conclusion and future prospective
Acknowledgments
References
2 Microbial nanobionics: future perspectives and innovative approach to nanotechnology
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Biosynthesis of microbial nanoparticles
2.1.2 Types of microbial nanoparticles
2.1.2.1 Metallic nanoparticles
2.1.2.1.1 Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles
2.1.2.1.2 Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles
2.1.2.1.3 Biosynthesis of alloy nanoparticles
2.1.2.1.4 Biosynthesis of other metallic nanoparticles
2.1.2.2 Oxide nanoparticles
2.1.2.2.1 Biosynthesis of magnetic NPs
2.1.2.2.2 Biosynthesis of nonmagnetic oxide nanoparticles
2.1.2.3 Other nanoparticles
2.1.3 Endophytic microbes as nanoparticle biofactories
2.2 Future recommendations and applications of microbial nanoparticles
2.2.1 Agriculture and food sector
2.2.1.1 Nanotechnology for food preservation and storage
2.2.1.2 Nanotechnology in food packaging
2.2.1.3 Nanomaterials as antimicrobials
2.2.1.4 Nanotechnology in nutraceuticals production and their delivery
2.2.1.5 Nanosensors in the food sector
2.2.1.6 Nanoguarded pesticides
2.2.1.7 Nanoguarded herbicides
2.2.1.8 Nanogels formulation
2.2.1.9 Nanoguarded fertilizers
2.2.1.10 Seed germination and plant growth
2.2.1.11 Detection of residual pesticides
2.2.1.12 Nanobased technologies for water quality
2.2.1.13 Nanoparticles in microbicidal action
2.2.1.14 Nanobased desalination
2.2.1.15 Nanobased heavy metal removal systems
2.2.2 Stem cell therapy
2.2.3 COVID19: face mask and gloves
2.2.4 Infectious diseases and microbial nanotechnology approach
2.2.5 Action of microbial nanoparticles in dentistry
2.3 Advancements in antimicrobial surface coating strategies
2.4 Conclusions
References
3 Application of biogenic nanoparticles in the remediation of contaminated water
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Different water remediation methods
3.3 Application of nanoparticles in wastewater treatment
3.4 Synthesis of microbial nanoparticles
3.5 Application of microbial nanoparticles in wastewater management
3.6 Conclusions
References
4 Nanotechnology in biological science and engineering
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Nanobiotechnology
4.3 Bionanotechnology
4.4 Advantages of nanotechnology
4.5 Biological applications of nanotechnology
4.5.1 Nanodiagnostics
4.5.1.1 Biomedical diagnostics using cantilever arrays
4.5.1.2 Biochips based on nanotechnology
4.5.1.3 Quantum dots for diagnostics
4.5.1.4 Nanotechnology for sparse cell detection
4.5.1.5 Diagnosis with nanotubes
4.5.2 Therapeutic applications
4.5.2.1 Drug delivery using nanocarriers
4.5.2.2 Nanoscale gene carriers
4.5.2.3 Biopharmaceuticals based on nanotechnology
4.5.2.4 Nanosurfaces
4.5.2.5 Drug development using nanoparticles
4.5.2.6 Drug delivery using nanotechnology
4.5.3 Nanobiosensors
4.5.3.1 Nanobiosensors and live cell evaluation
4.5.3.2 Drugs feeding mechanism using nanoparticles
4.5.3.3 Gold nanoparticles for low cost cancer diagnosis
4.5.3.4 Nanoparticle based supersensitive biodetection
4.5.3.5 Carbon nanotube sensors to measure and detect blood glucose level
4.5.4 Nanotechnology for cancer: diagnosis and treatment
4.5.4.1 Early cancer detection using nanobiotechnology
4.5.4.2 Combination of cancer diagnostics with therapeutics using nanobiotechnology
4.5.4.3 ‘Imaging and targeting of tumor using radiolabeled carbon nanotubes
4.5.4.4 Thermal ablation of cancer using gold nanoshells
4.5.4.5 Imaging using nanoparticles for clinical trials in oncology
4.6 Future prospects
4.7 Conclusions
References
5 Nanomaterials based sensors for detecting key pathogens in food and water: developments from recent decades
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Various contaminants in food and water
5.2.1 Contaminants in food
5.2.1.1 Naturally occurring contaminants in food
5.2.1.2 Contamination taking place because of environmental influences
5.2.1.3 Contamination during the food processing
5.2.2 Contaminants in water
5.2.2.1 Contamination due to microbes
5.2.2.2 Chemical contaminants
5.2.2.2.1 Arsenic
5.2.2.2.2 Fluoride
5.2.2.2.3 Mercury
5.2.2.2.4 Copper and chromium
5.2.2.2.5 Agricultural pollution
5.2.2.3 Biological contaminants
5.2.2.4 Radiological contaminants
5.3 Designing and fabrication of nanomaterials-based sensors
5.4 Applications of nanosensors in different sectors
5.4.1 Agriculture
5.4.2 Pollution
5.4.3 Food processing
5.4.4 Food packaging
5.4.5 Food transport
5.5 Recent developments in nanomaterials-based sensors for pathogen detection
5.5.1 Quantum dots
5.5.2 Carbon nanotubes
5.5.3 Silver nanoparticles
5.5.4 Gold nanoparticles
5.5.5 Magnetic nanoparticles
5.5.6 Zinc oxide nanoparticles
5.6 Future perspectives and challenges
5.7 Conclusions
References
6 Microbial nanostructures and their application in soil remediation
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Biogenic synthesis of nanostructures
6.2.1 Biogenic synthesis using bacteria
6.2.2 Biogenic synthesis using fungi and yeast
6.2.3 Biogenic synthesis using plants
6.2.4 Advantages and applications of biogenic nanostructures
6.3 Environmental bioremediation
6.3.1 Soil pollution and bioremediation
6.3.2 Bioremediation by engineered nanostructures
6.3.3 Bioremediation by microbial nanostructures (nanobioremediation)
6.3.3.1 Nanoscale zero valent iron
1 Application of nanoscale zero valent iron for soil remediation
2 Risks associated with nanoscale zero valent iron use for remediation
ii Metal oxide nanostructures
3 Copper oxide (CuO) nanostructures
4 Risks associated with CuO NP use for remediation
5 Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures
6 Risks associated with ZnO-NP use for remediation
7 Titanium oxide (TiO2) nanostructures
8 Risks associated with TiO2 NP use for remediation
9 Cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles
10 Risks associated with CeO2 NP use for remediation
11 Manganese oxide (MnO2) nanostructures
12 Risks associated with MnO2 NP use for remediation
iii Gold (Au) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles
13 Risks associated with Au and Ag NP use for remediation
iv Other nanostructures with soil remediation properties
14 Palladium (Pd) nanostructures
15 Risks associated with Pd NP use for remediation
16 Lead sulfide (PbS) nanoparticles
17 Risks associated with PbS NP use for remediation
18 Cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles
19 Risks associated with CdS NP use for remediation
6.4 Conclusion
List of abbreviations
Acknowledgments
Declarations
References
7 Green biosynthesis of nanoparticles: mechanistic aspects and applications
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Microbial enzymes in nanoparticle synthesis
7.2.1 Extracellular enzymes
7.2.2 Intracellular enzymes
7.3 Microbe-mediated biosynthesis of nanoparticles: mechanism of action
7.3.1 Nanoparticle biosynthesis by bacteria
7.3.2 Nanoparticle biosynthesis by fungi
7.3.3 Nanoparticle biosynthesis by actinomycetes
7.3.4 Nanoparticle biosynthesis by yeast
7.3.5 Nanoparticle biosynthesis by algae
7.3.6 Nanoparticle biosynthesis by viruses
7.4 Applicability of biologically synthesized nanoparticles
7.4.1 Antimicrobial agents
7.4.2 Antibiofilm agents
7.4.3 Drug delivery system
7.4.4 Anticancer and medical purposes
7.4.5 Diagnostic imaging and other medical purposes
7.5 Challenges associated with microbial synthesis of nanoparticles: a possible path to solution
7.6 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
8 Microorganism assisted synthesized metal and metal oxide nanoparticles for removal of heavy metal ions from the wastewate...
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Metals and their requirement for existence
8.2.1 Definition of metals
8.2.2 Classification of heavy metals
8.2.3 Sources of heavy metals
8.2.4 Adverse effects of heavy metals
8.2.4.1 Lead
8.2.4.2 Cadmium
8.2.4.3 Mercury
8.2.4.4 Arsenic
8.2.4.5 Chromium
8.3 Nanotechnology and environmental remediation
8.3.1 Advantages of conventional treatment methods
8.3.2 Bacteria in nanoparticle synthesis
8.3.2.1 Silver nanoparticles
8.3.2.2 Gold nanoparticles
8.3.2.3 Magnetite nanoparticles
8.3.2.4 Palladium and platinum nanoparticles
8.3.2.5 Selenium and tellurium nanoparticles
8.3.2.6 Zinc oxide nanoparticles
8.3.2.7 Zinc sulfide nanoparticles
8.3.2.8 Titanium and titanium dioxide nanoparticles
8.3.2.9 Cadmium sulfide nanoparticles
8.3.3 The mechanism
8.4 Challenges in nanoparticle synthesis
8.4.1 Bacteria selection
8.4.2 Selection of reducing agents
8.4.3 Optimizing the conditions for growth and enzymatic reactions
8.4.4 The process of extraction and purification
8.4.5 The process of stabilization
8.4.6 The process of scaling
8.4.7 Safety issues
8.5 Conclusion
8.6 Future recommendations
References
9 Microbial metallonanoparticles—an alternative to traditional nanoparticle synthesis
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Advantages and disadvantages of nanoparticles
9.1.2 Microorganisms as an alternative to the traditional nanoparticle synthesis
9.1.3 Bacteria mediated synthesis
9.1.3.1 Titanium nanoparticles
9.1.3.2 Gold nanoparticles
9.1.3.3 Silver nanoparticles
9.1.3.4 Selenium nanoparticles
9.1.3.5 Zinc nanoparticles
9.1.3.6 Quantum dots
9.1.4 Fungus-mediated synthesis
9.1.4.1 Titanium nanoparticles
9.1.4.2 Gold nanoparticles
9.1.4.3 Silver nanoparticles
9.1.4.4 Selenium nanoparticles
9.1.4.5 Zinc nanoparticles
9.1.4.6 Quantum dots
9.1.5 Algae-mediated synthesis
9.1.6 Viral mediated synthesis
9.1.7 Nanoparticle synthesis using protein and DNA scaffolds
9.1.8 Applications of nanoparticles synthesized via microbial route
9.1.9 Future perspectives
9.2 Conclusion
References
Further reading
10 Microbial-based synthesis of nanoparticles to remove different pollutants from wastewater
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Preparation of nanomaterials
10.2.1 Components affecting the synthesis of green nanoparticles
10.2.2 Mechanistic aspects
10.3 Advantages of microbial-based nanomaterials in water remediation
10.4 Application of microbial-based nanomaterials wastewater treatment
10.4.1 Titanium dioxide
10.4.2 Silica nanoparticles
10.4.3 Zinc oxide
10.4.4 Graphene
10.4.5 Iron nanoparticles
10.4.6 Zirconia nanoparticles
10.5 Future recommendations
10.6 Conclusion
References
11 Implementation of microbe-based metal nanoparticles in water remediation
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Nanomaterials used in water remediation
11.2 Types of microbial nano particle used in water remediation
11.2.1 Nanoparticle from filamentous fungi
11.2.2 Nanoparticles from yeast
11.2.3 Nanoparticle from algae
11.2.4 Nanoparticles from bacteria
11.2.5 Nanoparticles from actinobacteria
11.2.6 Nanoparticles from marine microbes
11.2.7 Nanoparticles from virus
11.3 Feasibility of implementation of microbe-based nano in water remediation
11.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Further reading
12 Microbial nanoproducts in “waste compost”: a “quality-check” for sustainable “solid-waste management”
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Biosynthesis of different nanoparticles
12.2.1 Gold nanoparticles
12.2.2 Silver nanoparticles
12.2.3 Other nanoparticles
12.3 Effect of microbial enzyme on nanoparticle synthesis
12.3.1 Extracellular enzymes
12.3.2 Intracellular enzymes
12.4 Model for formation of nanoparticles
12.4.1 Top-down model
12.4.2 Bottom-up model
12.5 Different conditions for composting
12.5.1 Aerobic digestion
12.5.2 Anaerobic digestion
12.6 Application of nanoparticles in composting solid waste
12.7 Conclusions
List of abbreviations
Acknowledgment
References
13 Microbial nanotechnology: a potential tool for a sustainable environment
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Nanomaterials as an alternative for sustainable development
13.3 Microbial synthesis of nanoparticles
13.4 Application of microbial nanoparticles in different sectors
13.4.1 Microbial nanoparticles for integrated pest management and agricultural practices
13.4.2 Microbial nanoparticles for medicine and drugs
13.4.3 Microbial nanoparticles for building construction material
13.4.4 Microbial nanoparticles in research
13.4.5 Microbial nanoparticles in industrial use
13.4.6 Microbial nanoparticles in energy sectors
13.4.7 Microbial nanoparticles in environmental protection
13.4.8 Microbial nanoparticles in fuel processing
13.5 Environmental issues associated with microbial nanoparticles
13.6 Toxicity of biogenic nanoparticles in the environment
13.7 Future prospects towards sustainable environment and impact of Government’s and NGOs initiatives towards sustainable d...
13.8 Conclusions
References
14 Environmental applications of microbial nanotechnology based sustainable wet waste management techniques adopted by Bruh...
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Biomethanation
14.1.2 Biocompost
14.1.2.1 Municipal solid waste
14.1.2.2 Agricultural waste
14.1.2.3 Kitchen waste
14.1.3 Greenhouse gas emission
14.2 Methodology
14.2.1 Case Study 1: biomethanation plant at BEL campus Bengaluru
14.2.2 Feed stock
14.2.3 Plant data analysis
14.2.4 Case study 2: Bio CNG plant
14.2.5 Case Study 3: Aerobic compost, purvankara venezia apartment, Bengaluru
14.3 Microbial nanotechnology application and role in biomethanation and biocomposting
14.4 Discussion on sustainability of the WM techniques and economical challenges
14.4.1 Statistics on waste generation and recycling: sustainability of WM techniques
14.4.2 Financial and economic support for MSWM
14.5 Conclusion
14.6 Future scope
Acknowledgment
References
15 Application of microbial nanotechnology in sustainable agriculture through soil remediation
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Synthesis of nanoparticles mediated by microbes
15.3 Nanoparticles as an aid towards sustainable agriculture
15.3.1 Nanoparticle-encapsulated fertilizers
15.3.2 Nano-structured pesticides
15.3.2.1 Nano-fungicides
15.3.2.2 Nano-herbicides
15.3.2.3 Nano-emulsions
15.4 Conclusions
15.5 Future perspectives
References
16 Green synthesized nanonutrients for sustainable crop growth
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Nanoparticles in crop growth
16.2.1 Nanonutrients in crop growth
16.2.2 Nanonutrients in stress tolerance
16.2.3 Nanonutrients enhances soil quality
16.3 Nanonutrients in disease management
16.4 Conclusion and future perspective
References
17 Environment sustainability with microbial nanotechnology
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Microbial nanotechnology
17.3 Synthesis of nanoparticles from microbes
17.3.1 Metallic nanoparticle production assisted by filamentous fungi
17.3.2 Synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using yeast
17.3.3 Synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using algae
17.3.4 Metallic nanoparticle synthesis assisted by bacteria and actinomycetes
17.3.5 Synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using virus
17.4 Microbial/green synthesis of nanoparticles and advantages over nonbiological synthesis
17.5 Microbial nanoparticles and sustainable agriculture
17.5.1 Applications in agriculture
17.5.1.1 Nanoparticles as fungicides
17.5.1.2 Nanoparticles as fertilizers
17.5.1.3 Nanoparticles as pesticides
17.6 Environmental applications of microbial nanoparticles
17.6.1 Applications in bioremediation
17.6.2 Valorization of waste
17.6.3 Applications in environmental management
17.6.3.1 Application as biosensors
17.6.3.2 Environmental monitoring
17.6.4 Application in food and fermentation
17.6.5 Biomedical applications of microbial nanoparticles
17.6.6 Application in clinical diagnostics and drug delivery
17.7 Limitations
17.8 Conclusion and future approach
References
18 Nanobioremediation: a novel technology with phenomenal clean up potential for a sustainable environment
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Application methods of nano-bio technique
18.2.1 Sequential method
18.2.2 Combined/concurrent method
18.3 Designing new age biogenic nanoparticles
18.3.1 Bacterial synthesis of nanoparticles
18.3.2 Algal based synthesis of nanoparticles
18.3.2.1 Synthesis of nanoparticles using algae
18.3.3 Fungal based synthesis of nanoparticles
18.3.3.1 Synthesis of nanoparticles using fungi
18.4 Microbe mediated nanobioremediation of pollutants
18.4.1 Nanobioremediation of heavy metals
18.4.2 Nanobioremediation of dyes in textiles
18.4.3 Nanobioremediation of hydrocarbon
18.4.4 Nanobioremediation of pharmaceuticals (antibiotics and antiseptics)
18.5 Conclusions
References
19 Application of microbially-synthesized nanoparticles for adsorptive confiscation of toxic pollutants from water environment
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Bio-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles and their characterization
19.3 Factors affecting the synthesis of biogenic nanomaterials
19.4 Impact of pH on the synthesis of biogenic nanomaterials
19.5 Impact of precursor and reducing agents' concentration on biogenic nanomaterials synthesis
19.6 Impact of temperature on the fabrication of biogenic nanomaterials
19.7 Adsorptive removal of environmental contaminants employing biogenic nanomaterials
19.8 Removal of inorganic pollutants
19.9 Removal of organic pollutants
19.10 Impact of counter ions on the adsorptive efficiency of biogenic nanoparticles
19.11 Reusability studies of biogenic nanoparticles
19.12 Modeling of adsorption data
19.13 Environmental problems
19.14 Conclusions and perspectives
References
20 Nanomaterials originated from microbes for the removal of toxic pollutants from water
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Adsorption for remediation of toxic pollutants
20.2.1 Bioadsorption
20.3 Nanotechnology in water treatment
20.4 Adsorption using nanoadsorbents
20.4.1 Classification of nanoadsorbents
20.4.2 Properties of nanoadsorbents
20.4.3 Characteristics of an ideal nanoadsorbent
20.4.4 Factors affecting overall adsorption processes by nanoadsorbents
20.4.5 Routes of synthesis of nanoadsorbents
20.4.6 Advantages and disadvantages of physical and chemical methods of nanoadsorbents synthesis
20.5 Biological methods of synthesis of nanoadsorbents (green synthesis)
20.5.1 Advantages of biological or green methods of synthesis of nanoadsorbents
20.5.2 Factors influencing green synthesis of nanoadsorbents
20.6 Microorganism for the synthesis of nanoadsorbents
20.6.1 Various microbial components for green synthesis of nanoadsorbents
20.6.2 Mechanism of microbe mediated synthesis of nanoadsorbents
20.6.3 Characterization of nanoadsorbents originated from microbes
20.6.4 Mechanism of adsorption of toxic pollutants by nanomaterials originated from microbes
20.6.5 Application of nanoadsorbents synthesized by microbes for remediation of toxic pollutants
20.6.6 Stability and reusability of biosynthesized nanoadsorbents
20.6.7 Challenges and future prospects
20.7 Conclusions
References
21 Application of microbial nanobiotechnology for combating water pollution
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Classification of nanoparticles
21.2.1 Nanoadsorbents
21.2.2 Nanocatalysts
21.2.3 Nanomembranes
21.3 Microbial synthesis of nanoparticles
21.3.1 Intracellular biosynthesis of NPs
21.3.2 Extracellular biosynthesis of NPs
21.4 Why microbial-based nanotechnology?
21.5 The implication of microbial-based nanoparticles in bioremediation of wastewater
21.6 Degradation of organic and inorganic contaminants from wastewater
21.7 Elimination of ions of heavy metals
21.8 Other nanoparticles use
21.8.1 Microbial-based nanoparticles as biosensors
21.8.2 Antimicrobial activity
21.9 Challenges and future prospects
List of abbreviations
References
22 A review on azo dye degradation by exopolysaccharide-mediated green synthesis of stabilized silver nanoparticles
22.1 Introduction
22.1.1 Preparation of metal nanoparticles using polysaccharides and exopolysaccharides
22.1.2 Mechanism of exopolysaccharide-mediated reduction and stabilization of green nanoparticles
22.1.3 Applications of exopolysaccharide stabilized green silver nanoparticle in dye degradation
22.1.4 Mechanism of dye degradation using exopolysaccharide stabilized green silver nanoparticles
22.2 Conclusions
References
Index