Environmental and Low-Temperature Geochemistry

Cover
Preface
Acknowledgements
1 Background and Basic Chemical Principles: Elements, Ions, Bonding, Reactions
1.1 An Overview Of Environmental Geochemistry – History, Scope, Questions, Approaches, Challenges for the Future
1.2 The Naturally Occurring Elements – Origins and Abundances
1.3 Atoms, Isotopes, and Valence Electrons
1.4 Measuring Concentrations
1.5 Periodic Table
1.6 Ions, Molecules, Valence, Bonding, Chemical Reactions
1.7 Acid–Base Equilibria, PH, K Values
1.8 Fundamentals of Redox Chemistry
1.9 Chemical Reactions
1.10 Equilibrium, Thermodynamics, and Driving Forces for Reactions: Systems, Gibbs Energies, Enthalpy and Heat Capacity, Entropy, Volume
1.11 Kinetics and Reaction Rates
References
2 Surficial and Environmental Mineralogy
2.1 Introduction to Minerals and Unit Cells
2.2 Ion Coordination, Pauling's Rules, and Ionic Substitution
2.3 Silicates
2.4 Clay Minerals (1 : 1 and 2 : 1 Minerals, Interstratified Clays)
2.5 Crystal Chemistry of Adsorption and Cation Exchange
2.6 Low‐Temperature Non‐Silicate Minerals: Carbonates, Oxides and Hydroxides, Sulfides, Sulfates, Salts
2.7 Mineral Growth and Dissolution
2.8 Biomineralization
References
3 Organic Compounds in the Environment
3.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Chains and Rings, Single, Double, and Triple Bonds, Functional Groups, Classes of Organic Compounds, Organic Nomenclature
3.2 Natural Organic Compounds at the Earth Surface
3.3 Fate and Transport of Organic Pollutants, Controls on Bioavailability, Behavior of DNAPLS and LNAPLS, Biodegradation, Remediation
3.4 Summary
References
4 Aqueous Systems and Water Chemistry
4.1 Introduction to the Geochemistry of Natural Waters
4.2 The Structure of Water – Implications of Geometry and Polarity
4.3 Dissolved versus Particulate, Solutions, and Suspensions
4.4 Speciation: Simple Ions, Polyatomic Ions, and Aqueous Complexes
4.5 Controls on the Solubility of Inorganic Elements and Ions
4.6 Ion Activities, Ionic Strength, TDS
4.7 Solubility Products, Saturation
4.8 Coprecipitation
4.9 Behavior of Selected Elements in Aqueous Systems
4.10 Eh–pH Diagrams
4.11 Silicon in Solution
4.12 Effect of Adsorption and Ion Exchange on Water Chemistry
4.13 Other Graphical Representations of Aqueous Systems: Piper and Stiff Diagrams
4.14 Summary
References
5 Carbonate Geochemistry and the Carbon Cycle
5.1 Inorganic Carbon in the Atmosphere and Hydrosphere
5.2 The Carbon Cycle
References
6 Biogeochemical Systems and Cycles (N, P, S)
6.1 Systems and Elemental Cycles
6.2 Elemental Cycles
References
7 The Global Atmosphere: Composition, Evolution, and Anthropogenic Change
7.1 Atmospheric Structure, Circulation, and Composition
7.2 Evaporation, Distillation, CO2 Dissolution, and the Composition of Natural Precipitation
7.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum, Greenhouse Gases, and Climate
7.4 Greenhouse Gases: Structures, Sources, Sinks, and Effects on Climate
References
8 Air Quality: Urban and Regional Pollutants
8.1 Air Pollution: Definitions and Scope
8.2 Oxygen and its Impact on Atmospheric Chemistry
8.3 Free Radicals
8.4 Sulfur Dioxide
8.5 Nitrogen Oxides
8.6 Carbon Monoxide
8.7 Particulate Matter
8.8 Lead (Pb)
8.9 Hydrocarbons and Air Quality: Tropospheric Ozone and Photochemical Smog
8.10 Stratospheric Ozone Chemistry
8.11 Sulfur and Nitrogen and Acid Deposition
8.12 Organochlorine Pesticides, Mercury, and Other Trace Constituents in the Atmosphere
References
9 Chemical Weathering, Soils, and Hydrology
9.1 Chemical Weathering of Primary Minerals in Soils
9.2 Products and Consequences of Chemical Weathering
9.3 Soil Profiles, Nomenclature, Soil‐Forming Factors
9.4 Soils and the Geochemistry of Paleoclimate Analysis
9.5 Effects of Acid Deposition on Soils and Aquatic Ecosystems
9.6 Soils and Plant Nutrients
9.7 Saline and Sodic Soils
9.8 Toxic Metals and Metalloids
9.9 Organic Soil Pollutants and Remediation (Fuels, Insecticides, Solvents)
References
10 Stable Isotope Geochemistry
10.1 Stable Isotopes – Mass Differences and the Concept of Fractionation
10.2 Delta (δ) Notation
10.3 Fractionation: Vibrational Frequencies, Mass, and Temperature Dependence
10.4 δ18O and δD
10.5 δ15N
10.6 δ13C
10.7 δ34S
10.8 Nontraditional Stable Isotopes
10.9 Summary
References
11 Radioactive and Radiogenic Isotope Geochemistry
11.1 Radioactive Decay
11.2 Radionuclide Tracers in Environmental Geochemistry
11.3 Radionuclides as Environmental Contaminants
11.4 Geochronology
11.5 Radioactive Decay Methods of Dating Sediments and Minerals
References
Appendix I: Case Study on the Relationships Among Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), Microbial Activity, Redox Reactions, Remediation, and Arsenic Mobility in GroundwaterCase Study on the Relationships Among Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), Microbial Activity, Redox Reactions, Remediation, and Arsenic Mobility in Groundwater
I.1 Site Information, Contaminant Delineation
I.2 Remediation Efforts
I.3 Sources of PCE and ARSENIC
I.4 Mobilization of Arsenic
References
Appendix II: Case Study of PFOA Migration in a Fractured Rock Aquifer: Using Geochemistry to Decipher Causes of HeterogeneityCase Study of PFOA Migration in a Fractured Rock Aquifer: Using Geochemistry to Decipher Causes of Heterogeneity
II.1 Geologic Framework
II.2 Inorganic Chemistry of Groundwater
II.3 Stable Isotope Compositions of Groundwater
II.4 Groundwater Age‐Dating
II.5 Conceptual Model for the Groundwater System
References
Appendix III: Instrumental AnalysisInstrumental Analysis
III.1 Analysis of Minerals and Crystal Chemistry
III.2 Chemical Analysis of Rocks and Sediments: XRF
III.3 Elements or Compounds in Solution
III.4 Isotopic Analysis: Mass Spectrometry
References
Appendix IV: Table of Thermodynamic Data of Selected Species at 1 atm and 25 °CTable of Thermodynamic Data of Selected Species at 1 atm and 25 °C
References
Index
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