Environmental Advocacy and Local Restorations

Preface: The Politics of Cleaning Our Rivers, Watersheds, and Bays
Our Age of Environmental Reaction
The Roles of Local Environmental Organizations
The Motivation for This Book
Poking About the Poisons
Contents
About the Author
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Habitat Restoration: An Introduction
1 Introduction: Restoring Habitats
2 Habitats and Species
2.1 Silent Spring and Its Noisy Opponents
2.2 Impacts of Silent Spring
3 Species Endangerment, Proliferation, and Habitat Preservation
4 Of Rivers and Their Restorations
4.1 My Personal Observations of River Restorations
4.2 Charismatic Leadership in Restoration
4.3 The Willamette River
4.4 Willamette River Superfund Sites
4.5 Some Other Restorations Along the Willamette
4.6 Some Characteristics of the Willamette Restoration
5 The Great Lakes and Their Restorations
5.1 The Binational “Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement”
6 Lake-Wide Ecosystem Management Plans
7 The Great Lakes Restoration and Robust Extensions
8 The Organization of Latter Chapters
References
2 A Reasoned Process for Restorations
1 Introduction
1.1 Our Moral Process of Environmental Restoration
2 Environmental Duty and Restorations
3 Some Maxims for Reasoned Environmental Discourse
4 The Nature of Reasoned Environmental Discourse
4.1 The Attempted Disseminations of Information and the Obfuscations to Be Avoided
4.2 Fairness or Obfuscations
5 Considered Moral Environmental Judgments
6 Collective Imperfect Duty
6.1 Considerations of “Fair and Reasoned”
6.2 The Collective Imperfect Duties of Restoration Efforts
7 The EPA as Political Institution
7.1 The Advent of the EPA
7.2 The Control of Toxic Chemical Manufacturing and Sale
7.3 The “Superfund” or National Priorities List
7.4 States’ Rights and State Pollution Responsibilities
7.5 Hydraulic Fracturing and Emissions Control
8 A Reasoned Process for Great Lakes Restoration
References
3 Restoring Areas of Concern
1 The Binational Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement and the Restoration of the Great Lakes
2 The Detroit Area’s AOCs
2.1 The Detroit River AOC
2.1.1 Sugar Island Restoration
2.1.2 Lake Okonoka
2.1.3 Celeron Island
2.1.4 The Detroit Riverwalk
2.1.5 The Black Lagoon
2.2 The FDR as a Critical Element
2.3 Other Essential Restoration Issues
2.4 The “Beneficial Use Impairments”
3 River Rouge AOC
4 Saint Clair River AOC
5 Clinton River AOC
6 Some Lessons from the Detroit Area AOCs
Appendix: “Lee” Botts
References
4 The St. Louis River Area of Concern
1 Introduction: The Twin-Port Cities
2 The St. Louis River Area of Concern (AOC)
3 Remedial Action Plans
4 Public Engagement
5 The St. Louis River’s Superfund Sites
6 Conclusion
References
5 The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and Wisconsin’s Areas of Concern
1 Introduction: Another “Twin Cities”
1.1 This AOC’s Sources of Impairment
1.2 Environmental Leadership for the Lower Menominee River
2 Introduction to the Milwaukee Estuary AOC
2.1 Milwaukee Estuary AOC
2.2 EPA’s Milwaukee Cleanups Under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
2.3 The AOC’s Restorations
2.4 Environmental Leadership for the Milwaukee Estuary
3 Introduction to the Lower Green Bay and Fox River AOC
3.1 Sediments, Impairments, and Restorations
3.2 An Activist Community Advising Committee
3.3 Remediations
4 Introduction to the Sheboygan River AOC
4.1 Restorations
4.2 Advisory Committees
5 Conclusion Concerning the WDNR and Its Activist Leadership
References
6 The “Most Polluted River”: The Grand Calumet
1 Introduction to the Grand Calumet and Its History
2 Citizen Advisors
3 EPA Directed Cleanups
4 The “Grand Cal” and the Politics of EPA Cleanups
4.1 The Pesticide Site of Calumet City
4.2 USS Lead in East Chicago, Indiana
4.3 US Steel’s Gary Works
5 The Politics of Restoring the Severely Degraded and Economically Depressed
References
7 Restoration Sites in Michigan’s Lower Peninsula: Saginaw and Muskegon
1 Introduction: Michigan’s Coastal AOCs
2 Saginaw River and Bay
2.1 The Partnership
3 Muskegon Lake
3.1 Muskegon Lake’s RAP
3.2 The Ecosystem Action Plan and Commercial Interests
4 Conclusion
References
8 Ohio’s Areas of Concern and Citizen Involvement
1 Introduction to Ohio’s AOCs
2 The Ashtabula River AOC
2.1 Fields Brook Superfund Site
2.2 Other Ashtabula River Restoration Projects
2.3 Removal of Ashtabula’s BUIs
2.4 Post Delisting Monitoring
3 Ohio’s Paths to Delisting
4 Cleveland’s Cuyahoga River AOC
4.1 The Cuyahoga AOC
5 Toledo and the Maumee River AOC
5.1 Maumee River AOC
5.2 Restorations Within the AOC
5.3 Representative Management for the Maumee AOC
6 The Black River of Lorain, Ohio
6.1 The Black River AOC
6.2 Additional Restoration Projects for Black River AOC
6.3 Removal of BUIs
6.4 The Public’s Input to the Restoration Effort
7 The Politics of Delisting in Ohio
Appendix
References
9 Some Other Important Areas of Concern and Their Analyses
1 Introduction: Four Northeastern AOCs and Their Contributions
2 Erie Pennsylvania and its Presque Isle AOC
2.1 The Presque Isle Bay AOC and Its Restoration Projects
2.2 Delisting BUIs: Fish Tumors, Control Sites, and Statistical Analysis
2.3 Other BUIs
2.4 The Role of the Public Advisory Committee in the Presque Isle AOC’s Management
3 The Buffalo River and Its AOC
3.1 Buffalo River AOC
3.2 Restorations in the AOC
4 The Niagara River AOC
4.1 Reducing Toxic Contaminations in the Niagara River
4.2 Niagara River’s BUIs
4.3 Delisting BUIs: Fish Tumors, Control Sites, and Statistical Analysis
5 Toronto and Its Area of Concern
5.1 Toronto’s AOC
5.2 Land Use in the AOC
5.3 The Aquatic Health of the AOC
6 Analyzing the Four AOCs
10 Some New England Rivers and Their Advocacy Organizations
1 Introduction to Three New England Restorations
2 The Mystic River and Its Old and Active Advocacy Organization
2.1 The Mystic River Watershed Association
2.2 The Water Quality of the Mystic River
2.3 The Greenways of the Mystic Watershed
3 The Penobscot River and Its Restoration
3.1 The Dams of the Penobscot
3.2 Penobscot Nation’s Involvement in the Restoration
3.3 The Penobscot is Now Restored?
4 The Housatonic River Watershed and Its Advocacy
4.1 The Housatonic’s PCB Problem
4.2 The Housatonic as a “Wild and Scenic River”
4.3 The Four Segments of the Housatonic
4.4 The “Wild and Scenic” Management Plan
4.5 Some Non-Governmental Programs and Partners
4.6 Conclusion Concerning Restoration of the Housatonic River
5 Conclusion Concerning Three New England Restorations
Reference
11 Conclusion: Some Lessons from Local Restorations
1 Introduction
2 Lessons from the Areas of Concern Program: Wisconsin’s Leadership
2.1 The Menominee AOC
2.2 The Milwaukee Estuary AOC
2.3 The Lower Green Bay and Fox River AOC
2.4 The Sheboygan River AOC
2.5 The WDNR and Its Activist Leadership
3 Some Lessons from Ohio’s AOCs
3.1 Ohio’s Paths to Delisting and Boundary Problems
4 Michigan’s Two Coastal AOCs
4.1 Saginaw River and Bay
4.2 Muskegon Lake AOC
4.3 Leadership in Michigan’s AOCs
5 Significant Lessons from the St. Louis River AOC
5.1 Restorations of the Habitats of Locally Endangered Species
5.2 Public Engagement
5.3 Relevance of the St. Louis River Restoration
6 The Essential Organizations
7 A Final Restoration Examination: The Hudson River Estuary
8 The Envisioning Problem
Reference
Appendix A: Invasive Aquatic Species
Introduction
Zebra Mussels
The Quagga Mussel
The Round Goby
Asian Carp
Eurasian Ruffe
Alewife
Sea Lamprey
Spiny Water Flea
Invasive Species and the Future of the Great Lakes
Appendix B: Invasive Vegetation
Introduction
Purple Loosestrife
Phragmites Australis
Reed Canary Grass
Common Frogbit
Common Cattail
Curly Pondweed
Eurasian Watermilfoil
Appendix C: Toxic Contaminants
Introduction to the Toxic Contaminants Found at the Restorations Reviewed
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), Their Sources and Effects
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Their Sources and Effects
Mercury Poisoning
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Dioxins
Arsenic
Index