Entrepreneurship in Renewable Energy Technologies

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
1. Entrepreneurship: Concept, Meaning, Need and Function
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Entrepreneurship: Concept and Meaning
1.2 Distinction Between Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneur, Enterprise and Wage-based Employee
1.3 Distinction between self-employment and wage based employment
1.4 Distinction Between Creativity and Innovation
1.5 Distinction Between Invention and Innovation
1.6 Need for Entrepreneurship
1.7 Process of entrepreneurship
1.8 Entrepreneurial Characteristics
1.9 Factors Affecting Entrepreneurship
1.10 Types of Entrepreneur
1.11 Market Survey and Market Research and Marketing Research for an Enterprise
1.12 Sources of Finance for Entrepreneur
1.12.1 Various Ways of Raising Finance for an Enterprise
1.12.2 Finance requirement stages
1.13 Functions of Entrepreneur
1.14 Small Scale Enterprises (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises) (MSME)
1.14.1 Meaning and Definitions of Small Scale Enterprise
1.14.2 Scale of Enterprise
1.14.3 Objectives of Small Scale Enterprises
1.14.4 Small enterprise as a seedbed of entrepreneurship
1.14.5 Steps to Follow for Establishment of Small Scale Enterprise
1.15 Entrepreneurship development Programmes
1.15.1 Meaning and Definition
1.15.2 Importance of EDP
1.15.3 Objectives of entrepreneurship development programme
1.15.4 Relevance of entrepreneurship development Programme
1.15.5 Barriers to Entrepreneurship
1.16 Distinction between Feasibility Study and Plan for a New Venture
1.17 Forms of ownership for an Enterprise
1.18 Resource Mobilization for an Enterprise
1.19 Concept of Risks in Entrepreneurship
1.20 Agripreneurship
1.20.1 Agripreneurship Development
1.20.2 Types of Agripreneurship
1.20.3 Agripreneurship for Small Farm Mechanization
1.20.4 Need for Agripreneurship in Small Farm Mechanization
1.21 Entrepreneurship on Renewable Energy Technologies
1.21.1 Importance of renewable energy resources and technologies for sustainable Development
1.21.2 Parameters for sustainability of renewable energy technologies
1.21.3 Barriers to renewable energy technologies adoption
1.21.4 Renewable energy entrepreneur
1.22 Formulation of DPR in Relation to Establishment of an Enterprise
1.22.1 Importance
1.22.2 Contents of a Detailed Project Report (DPR)
1.22.3 Swoth Analysis
1.22.4 An Example of SWOT Analysis
1.23 Glossary for Entrepreneurship
2. Energy Resources
2.1 Perspectives on energy uses
2.2 Evolution of man’s energy demand
2.3 Energy sources
2.4 Energy: Its basic concepts and definition
2.5 Power
2.6 Forms of energy
2.7 Energy and Thermodynamics
2.8 Energy parameters
2.9 Classification of energy resources
2.10 Energy chain or Energy route
2.11 Common sources for generation of electrical energy
2.12 Heating values of various fuels
2.13 Consumption trend of primary energy resources
2.14 Conventional energy resources (world status)
2.15 Availability of conventional energy resources and future trends (world status)
2.16 Unconventional fossil fuels
2.17 Hydro Resources
2.18 Nuclear Resources
2.19 Non-conventional energy sources
2.20 Energy and environment
2.21 Potential solution of environmental problems
2.22 Green energy
2.23 Renewable energy technologies for sustainable development
2.24 Barriers to renewable/sustainable energy technologies adoption
2.25 Entrepreneurship on renewable energy technologies
2.26 Carbon credit
3. Decentralized Roof top Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Power Plant
Introduction
3.1 Executive Summary
3.2 Rationale of the Project
3.3 Earlier Works done by others
3.4 Current status of standalone solar rooftop PV power plant
3.4.1 Business model for solar rooftop installations
3.4.2 Barriers for solar photovoltaic rooftop
3.4.3 Remedial measures
3.5 Site Details and Meteorological Data
3.6 Estimation of installed capacity of solar PV system for the roof
3.7 Estimated energy (kWh/annum) generated by roof top solar power plant
3.8 Mounting Arrangement of Rooftop Solar Power Plant
3.9 Grouting of structure
3.10 Cable size
3.11 System Performance Assessment
3.12 Sizing of solar PV system components
3.13 Techno-economic environmental assessment of PV power plant
3.14 Sizing standalone solar PV system considering loads separately on resistive and inductive basis
3.15 Sizing of PV system
3.16 Life Cycle Costing (LCC)
3.17 Conclusion
4. Grid-Connected Roof top Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant
Introduction
4.1 Historical Developments of Solar PV in India
4.2 Rationale of grid-connected solar rooftop power plant for residential building
4.3 Net metering
4.4 Gross metering
4.5 Viability of rooftop solar power plant (5 kW) for a 3-bed room house
4.5.1 Advantages of grid connected rooftop solar PV plant
4.5.2 The loads for a 3 bed-room building
4.5.3 Project Viability Calculation
4.6 Grid-connected solar PV system for small power applications
4.7 Sizing of grid-connected PV system for a household
4.7.1 Steps of system Design
4.8 Grid-connected PV System Design for Power Plants (1 MWP)
4.8.1 Estimation of energy output of PV plant
4.8.2 Equivalent sunshine hours or peak sun shine hours
4.9 Distance between PV modules in an array to prevent shading
4.10 Wire sizing in PV systems
4.11 Economic Analysis of PV system
4.11.1 Life Cycle Costing (LCC)
4.11.1.1 Life Cycle Cost
4.12 Conclusion
5. Wind-Solar Photovoltaic Hybrid Power System
Introduction
5.1 Solar energy resources
5.2 Micro-wind energy resources
5.3 Origin and nature of wind
5.3.1 Origin of wind
5.3.1.1 Global winds due to uneven solar heating
5.3.1.2 Coriolis force
5.3.1.3 Local winds due to local geography
5.3.2 Nature of winds
5.3.2.1 Information of wind (speed)
5.3.2.2 Wind direction
5.3.2.3 Wind speed variations with height
5.3.2.4 Wind speed variations with time and its frequency distribution
5.3.2.5 Wind power density
5.3.2.6 Capacity factor for a wind turbine
5.3.2.7 Wind energy production
5.3.2.8 Estimation of wind power potential
5.3.2.9 Estimation of required wind turbine power rating
5.3.2.9.1 Power versus speed characteristics of wind turbine generating unit
5.4 Basics of Fluid Flow in Wind Energy Conversion System
5.4.1 Terms and conditions of wind energy
5.4.2 Aerodynamics of wind turbine (Horizontal axis turbine)
5.5 Wind power extraction
5.5.1 Axial thrust on turbine
5.5.2 Torque developed by wind turbine
5.5.3 Operational characteristics for wind turbine
5.6 Parameters to consider for selecting wind turbine
5.7 Types of wind turbines
5.7.1 Horizontal axis wind turbine
5.7.2 Vertical axis wind turbine
5.8 Comparison of horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines
5.9 Wind electric conversion systems
5.10 Other options
5.10.1 Wind turbine generation unit with battery storage facility
5.10.2 Grid connection
5.10.3 Solar-wind hybrid system
5.11 Power extraction from vertical axis wind turbine (drag type)
5.12 Power extraction from wind turbine (Drag type)
5.13 Solar photovoltaic-micro wind based hybrid power system for crop irrigation
5.13.1 Hydraulic energy requirement for water pump in irrigating 1 ha land for rice
5.13.2 Sizing of solar PV-micro wind hybrid power system for load of 2.23 kW
5.14 Break-up cost of solar PV micro wind hybrid power system
6. Solar Dryer (Concepts and Applications)
Introduction
6.1 Causes of spoilage of agricultural produces
6.2 Methods of preservation
6.3 Importance of storage
6.3.1 Dried and storage conditions of some agri-produces
6.4 Energy balance and temperature for drying
6.5 Quality attributes of dried products
6.6 Solar drying of agricultural produces
6.6.1 Open sun drying
6.6.2 Direct solar drying
6.6.3 Indirect solar drying
6.6.4 Hybrid solar drying
6.7 Classification of solar dryers
6.7.1 Natural convection or direct type solar dryers
6.7.2 Mixed mode type solar dryer
6.7.3 Normal and reverse absorber based cabinet solar dryer
6.7.4 Forced circulation type dryer
6.7.5 Greenhouse dryers
6.8 Some terms relating to drying of products
6.8.1 Moisture content
6.8.2 Equilibrium Moisture Content (EMC)
6.8.3 Moisture extraction rate and specific moisture extraction rate during drying
6.8.4 Relative Humidity (RH)
6.8.5 Water activity (aw)
6.8.6 Properties of surrounding air
6.9 Psychrometry
6.10 Psychrometric chart
6.11 Drying mechanism
6.11.1 Periods of drying
6.11.2 Constant drying rate period
6.11.3 Falling rate drying period
6.12 Commonly encountered terms in drying
6.13 Simultaneous heat and mass transfer
6.14 Convective heat transfer coefficient from crop to air
6.15 Hybrid Solar Photovoltaic/Thermal Drying System and its Applications
6.15.1 Importance of Hybrid Photovoltaic/Thermal (HPV/T) System
6.16 Hybrid Solar Photovoltaic Thermal (HPV/T) greenhouse system for flower drying (A case study of small scale applications)
6.16.1 Importance of flower drying
6.16.2 Development of dryer
6.16.3 Performance evaluation
6.16.4 Dryer performance
6.16.5 Cost economics
6.16.5.1 Cost economics of rose flower drying in HPV/T greenhouse dryer
6.16.5.2 Comparative cost of drying in various drying systems under study
6.17 Entrepreneurship scope for HPV/T greenhouse drying system
7. Microwave Assisted Pyrolysis of Agricultural Residues for Biofuels Production
7.1 Sources of agricultural residues
7.2 Agro residue generation in India
7.3 Adverse effects of crop residue burnin
7.4 Biofuels from crop-residues
7.5 Conversion routes of biomass into biofuels
7.6 Microwave Assisted Pyrolysis (MAP)
7.6.1 Pyrolysis principles and mechanisms
7.6.2 Pyrolytic products and biomass constituent's mechanism
7.6.3 Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of biomass
7.6.3.1 Basic information of microwave heating
7.6.3.2 Microwave heating mechanism
7.7 Microwave-assisted pyrolysis verses conventional pyrolysis of biomass
7.7.1 Process reaction mechanism
7.7.2 Effects on pyrolytic products
7.7.3 The additives/catalysts in microwave pyrolysis
7.7.4 Characteristics of pyrolysis products
7.7.5 Bio-oil characteristics
7.7.6 Biochar characteristics
7.8 A case study of solar PV powered microwave assisted pyrolysis for biochar and bio-oil production
7.8.1 Perspectives of valorisation of rice straw
7.8.2 Experimental details
7.8.3 Experimental findings
7.8.4 Techno-economic environmental assessment
7.9 Information for the users
8. Solar Photovoltaic Water Pumping System
8.1 Perspectives of solar photovoltaic (SPV) pump
8.2 Solar photovoltaic (SPV) water pump
8.3 Design of solar PV water pumping system
8.3.1 An example of sizing electric motor for SPV water pumping system
8.3.2 Techno-economic analysis of SPV water pumping system: an example
8.4 Maximum power point tracking
8.4.1 An analogous explanation for working of MPPT
8.5 Review of some developments in solar photovoltaic water pumping system
8.6 A case study of SPV water pumping based micro-irrigation in vegetable cultivation
8.6.1 Need of SPV water pumping system in vegetable cultivation
8.6.2 Use of SPV water pumping system in agriculture: the need of hour
8.6.3 Experimental location
8.6.3.1 Design of Solar Photovoltaic Powered Sprinkler Irrigation System
8.6.4 Experimental results
8.6.5 Cost-Benefit calculation of tomato cultivation in 1Acre (0.4 ha) Land
8.6.6 Information for the users
8.7 A case study on off-grid SPV based micro-irrigation system in aerobic rice cultivation
8.7.1 Perspectives of SPV water pumping in aerobic rice cultivation
8.7.2 Need of SPV pumping based micro-irrigation in aerobic rice cultivation
8.7.3 Experimental location
8.7.4 The Cost Estimate for Solar Photovoltaic Powered Drip Irrigation System
8.7.5 Economics of Using Various Water Pumping Devices
8.7.6 Experimental results
8.7.7 Cost-benefit of the study
8.7.8 Information to users
9. Financial Evaluation of Establishing an Enterprise
Introduction
9.1 Basic terms and definitions
9.2 Techniques for adjusting time value of money or Interest formulas
9.3 Classification of Cash flow transactions
9.4 Annuity (Unacost) ‘A’
9.5 Summary of Interest Formulae
9.6 Effect on Inflation on Cash Flows
9.7 Nominal versus Real rates of return
9.8 Expression for average rate of inflation
9.9 Comparative economic evaluation of investment projects
9.10 Bases for Comparison of alternatives
9.11 Comparison of alternatives having unequal duration or life
9.12 Effect of Depreciation and Income Tax on Cash flows
9.13 Concept of depreciation
9.13.1 Characteristics of depreciation
9.13.2 Need for providing depreciation
9.13.3 Depreciable property
9.13.4 Factors for estimation of depreciation
9.13.5 Some terminologies for depreciation calculations
9.13.6 Depreciation calculation using various methods
9.13.7 Effect of inflation on depreciation
9.14 Life cycle costing (LCC)
9.15 Sensitivity analysis
9.16 Replacement Analysis of Machine/Equipment
9.16.1 Reasons for replacement
9.16.2 Different types of life of an asset
9.16.3 Determination of economic life of an asset
9.16.4 Replacement of existing asset with a new asset
9.17 Break-Even Analysis
9.17.1 Determination of break-even point in terms of physical units (no. of products) or in money (Sales volume)
9.17.2 Terminologies
9.17.3 Profit - Volume Ratio
9.17.4 Graphical Method of Break-even Analysis
9.17.5 Effect of price reductiononP/V ratio, break-even point and margin of safety
9.17.6 Importance of break-even analysis
9.17.7 Limitations of break-even analysis
9.18 Glossary of terms relating to financial evaluation
Glossary
Appendix
Subject Index