Engineering Thermodynamics: Fundamental and Advanced Topics

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
dedication
Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Author
Chapter 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts
1.1 Introduction to Thermodynamics
1.2 Thermodynamic Systems
1.3 Thermodynamic Properties
1.4 State, Processes, and Cycles
1.5 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Systems
1.6 Thermodynamic Equilibrium
1.7 Specific Volume and Density
1.8 Pressure
1.9 Pressure-Measuring Devices
Example Problems
Review Questions
Exercise Problems
Chapter 2 Temperature: Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
2.1 Temperature
2.2 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
2.3 Thermometers—Temperature Measurement
2.3.1 Reference Points
2.3.2 Liquid-in-Glass Tube Thermometer
2.3.3 Gas Thermometers
2.3.4 Electrical Resistance Thermometer
2.3.5 Thermocouple
2.4 Temperature Scales
2.4.1 Ideal Gas Temperature Scale
2.4.2 International Temperature Scale
Example Problems
Review Questions
Exercise Problems
Design and Experiment Problems
Chapter 3 Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics
3.1 Energy Analysis
3.2 Different Forms of Stored Energy
3.3 Point Function and Path Function
3.4 Heat Transfer
3.5 Work Transfer
3.6 Different Forms of Work
3.7 Relationship Between Heat and Work
3.8 First Law of Thermodynamics
3.9 Moving Boundary Work (pdV Work)
3.10 Energy Analysis of Closed Systems
3.10.1 First Law for a Closed System Undergoing a Cycle
3.10.2 First Law for a Closed System Undergoing a Change of State
3.11 Specific Heat and Latent Heat
3.12 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats of Ideal Gases
3.13 Perpetual Motion Machine of the First Kind—PMM1
3.14 Energy Efficiency
3.14.1 Energy Conversion Efficiency
3.14.2 Energy-Efficient Buildings
3.14.3 Cost-Effectiveness of Reflective White Materials
3.14.4 Energy-Efficient Motors
3.14.5 Energy-Efficient Compressors
3.15 Energy Sustainability
3.16 Energy Security
3.17 Energy Conservation
Example Problems
Review Questions
Exercise Problems
Design and Experiment Problems
Chapter 4 Properties of Pure Substances
4.1 Pure Substances and Their Phases
4.2 Phase Change Processes of Pure Substances
4.3 p-v Diagram of a Pure Substance
4.4 T-v Diagram of a Pure Substance
4.5 p-T Diagram of a Pure Substance
4.6 p-v-T Surface
4.7 T-s Diagram of a Pure Substance
4.8 h-s Diagram or Mollier Diagram
4.9 Quality or Dryness Fraction—Property Tables
4.9.1 Quality or Dryness Fraction
4.9.2 Compressed Liquid or Subcooled Liquid
4.9.3 Superheated Vapor
Example Problems
Review Questions
Exercise Problems
Design and Experiment Problems
Chapter 5 First Law Analysis of Control Volumes
5.1 Control Volume
5.2 Mass Balance
5.3 Flow Work
5.4 Steady-Flow Processes
5.5 First Law Analysis of Steady-Flow Processes
5.6 Steady-Flow Energy Equation Needs
5.7 Steady-Flow Devices
5.7.1 Turbines and Compressors
5.7.2 Nozzles and Diffusers
5.7.3 Throttling
5.7.4 Heat Transfer
5.8 First Law Analysis of Unsteady-Flow Processes
Example Problems
Review Questions
Exercise Problems
Design Problems
Chapter 6 Second Law of Thermodynamics
6.1 Limitations of the First Law of Thermodynamics
6.2 Second Law Statements
6.2.1 Kelvin–Planck Statement
6.2.2 Clausius Statement of the Second Law
6.2.3 Equivalence of Kelvin–Planck and Clausius Statements
6.3 Reversible and Irreversible Processes
6.3.1 Reversible Process
6.3.2 Irreversible Process
6.4 Second Law Application to Power Cycles
6.4.1 Thermal Efficiency of Power Cycles
6.4.2 Corollaries of the Second Law for Power Cycles
6.5 Refrigeration and Heat Pump Cycles
6.5.1 Refrigeration Cycles
6.5.2 Heat Pump Cycles
6.5.3 Energy Efficiency Ratio and Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio
6.5.4 Corollaries of the Second Law for Refrigeration and Heat Pump Cycles
6.6 Thermodynamic Temperature Scale
6.7 Carnot Cycle
6.7.1 The Carnot Power Cycle
6.7.2 The Carnot Refrigerator and Heat Pump Cycles
Example Problems
Review Questions
Exercise Problems
Design Problems
Chapter 7 Entropy
7.1 Inequality of Clausius
7.2 Entropy—A Property of a System
7.3 Principle of Entropy
7.4 The Concept of Entropy
7.5 The Tds Equations
7.6 Entropy Change of Pure Substances
7.7 Entropy Change of an Ideal Gas
7.8 Entropy Change of Solids and Liquids
7.9 Entropy Balance
7.9.1 Entropy Change of a System
7.9.2 Entropy Transfer by Heat and Mass Transfer
7.9.3 Entropy Generation—Closed System and Control Volume
7.10 Isentropic Process
7.11 Isentropic Efficiency
7.11.1 Isentropic Efficiency of a Turbine
7.11.2 Isentropic Efficiency of a Compressor and a Pump
7.11.3 Isentropic Efficiency of a Nozzle
Example Problems
Review Questions
Exercise Problems
Design and Experiment Problems
Chapter 8 Properties of Gases and Gas Mixtures
8.1 Ideal Gas Equation of State
8.2 Other Equations of State
8.3 Compressibility Factor—The Deviation of Real Gases from the Ideal Gas Behaviour
8.4 Gas Compression—Reducing the Work of Compression
8.5 Properties of Gas Mixtures
8.6 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specidic Heats of Gas Mixtures
8.7 Entropy of Gas Mixtures
Example Problems
Review Questions
Exercise Problems
Design and Experiment Problems
Chapter 9 Concept of Available Energy (Exergy)
9.1 Available Energy (Exergy)
9.2 Reversible Work and Irreversibility
9.2.1 Useful Work
9.2.2 Reversible Work
9.3 Exergy Change of a System
9.3.1 Exergy of a Flow Stream (Open System) Exchanging Heat Only with Surroundings
9.3.2 Exergy of Non-Flowing Fluids (Closed Systems)
9.4 Exergy Transfer by Heat, Work, and Mass
9.5 Second-Law Efficiency
9.6 Exergy Destruction
9.7 Exergy Balance
Example Problems
Review Questions
Exercise Problems
Design and Experiment Problems
Chapter 10 Vapor and Advanced Power Cycles
10.1 Carnot Vapor Cycle
10.2 Rankine Cycle
10.3 Comparison of Rankine and Carnot Cycles
10.4 Mean Temperature of the Heat Addition
10.5 Efficiency Improvement of the Rankine Cycle
10.6 Reheat Rankine Cycle
10.7 Regenerative Rankine Cycle
10.8 Ideal Working Fluids for Vapor Cycles
10.9 Binary Vapor Cycles
10.10 Organic Rankine Cycle
10.10.1 Efficiency of the Cycle
10.10.2 The Ideal Working Fluids for the Combined ORC
10.11 Cogeneration
10.12 Exergy Analysis of Vapor Power Cycles
10.13 Combined Cycle Power Plants
10.13.1 The Effect of Operating Parameters on Combined Cycle Performance
10.13.2 Combined Cycle Power Plant Integrated with ORC
10.13.3 Combined Cycle Power Plant Integrated with Absorption Refrigeration System
10.14 Integrated Coal Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Power Plants
10.14.1 Working of IGCC Power Plant
10.14.2 Carbon Dioxide Capture from IGCC Power Plant
10.15 Power Cycles for Nuclear Plants
10.15.1 Nuclear Power Plant
10.15.2 Nuclear Fuels
Example Problems
Review Questions
Exercise Problems
Design and Experiment Problems
Chapter 11 Gas Power Cycles
11.1 General Analysis of Cycles
11.2 Carnot Cycle
11.3 Air-Standard Cycles—Assumptions
11.4 Reciprocating Engines—An Overview
11.5 Otto Cycle
11.6 Diesel Cycle
11.7 Dual Cycle
11.8 Comparison of Otto, Diesel, And Dual Cycles
11.8.1 Based on Same Compression Ratio and Heat Rejection
11.8.2 Based on Same Maximum Pressure and Temperature
11.9 Stirling and Ericsson Cycles
11.10 Brayton Cycle-Gas Turbine Power Plants
11.11 Brayton Cycle with Regeneration
11.12 Brayton Cycle with Intercooling, Reheating, and Regeneration
11.12.1 Brayton Cycle with Intercooling
11.12.2 Brayton Cycle with Reheating
11.12.3 Brayton Cycle with Intercooling, Reheating, And Regeneration
11.13 Gas Turbines for Jet Propulsion
11.13.1 Rocket Engine
11.13.2 Compressors Used in Jet Engines
11.14 Exergy Analysis of Gas Power Cycles
11.15 New Combustion Systems for Gas Turbines
11.15.1 Trapped Vortex Combustion (TVC)
11.15.2 Rich Burn, Quick-Mix, Lean Burn (RQL)
11.15.3 Double Annular Combustor (DAC)
11.15.4 Axially Staged Combustors (ASC)
11.15.5 Twin Annular Premixing Swirler Combustors (TAPS)
11.15.6 Lean Direct Injection (LDI)
Example Problems
Review Questions
Exercise Problems
Design and Experiment Problems
Chapter 12 Refrigeration Cycles
12.1 Reversed Carnot Cycle
12.2 Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
12.3 Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle
12.3.1 COP of Vapor Compression Refrigeration System
12.3.2 Exergy Analysis of Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle
12.4 Refrigerants
12.4.1 Low–Global Warming Potential (Low-GWP) Refrigerants
12.4.2 Current Low-GWP Refrigerant Options
12.5 Vapor Absorption Refrigeration Cycle
12.6 Gas Cycle Refrigeration
12.7 Innovative Vapor Compression Refrigeration Systems
12.7.1 Multistage Vapor Compression Refrigeration Systems
12.7.2 Cascade Refrigeration System
12.7.3 Liquefaction of Gases
12.8 Energy Conservation in Domestic Refrigerators
12.8.1 Effect of Room Temperature on Energy Consumption
12.8.2 Effect of Thermal Load on Energy Consumption
12.8.3 Effect of Cooling of Compressor Shell with the Defrost Drips
Example Problems
Review Questions
Exercise Problems
Design and Experiment Problems
Chapter 13 Thermodynamic Relations
13.1 Important Mathematical Relations
13.2 The Maxwell Relations
13.3 Clausius–Clapeyron Equation
13.4 The Joule–Thomson Coefficient
13.5 General Relations for Changes in Enthalpy, Internal Energy, and Entropy
13.5.1 Change in Enthalpy
13.5.2 Change in Internal Energy
13.5.3 Change in Entropy
13.6 Specific Heat Relations
Example Problems
Review Questions
Exercise Problems
Design and Experiment Problems
Chapter 14 Psychrometry
14.1 Properties of Atmospheric Air
14.1.1 Specific Humidity and Relative Humidity
14.1.2 Dew-Point Temperature
14.1.3 Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures
14.2 A Diabatic Saturation
14.3 Psychrometric Chart
14.4 Air-Conditioning Processes
14.4.1 Sensible Heating and Cooling
14.4.2 Heating with Humidification
14.4.3 Cooling with Dehumidification
14.4.4 Evaporative Cooling
14.4.5 Adiabatic Mixing of Airstreams
Example Problems
Review Questions
Exercise Problems
Design and Experiment Problems
Chapter 15 Chemical Potential of Ideal Fermi and Bose Gases
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Chemical Potential and Fugacity
15.3 Chemical Potential and Thermal Radiation
15.4 Properties of Ideal Fermi–Dirac and Bose–Einstein Gases
15.5 Bose and Fermi Fugacity
15.6 Low-Temperature Behaviour of Physical Systems
15.6.1 Fermi Low-Temperature Expansions
15.6.2 Bose Low-Temperature Expansions
Review Questions
Chapter 16 Irreversible Thermodynamics
16.1 New Concepts Based on the Second Law of Thermodynamics
16.2 An Overview of Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics
16.3 Local Equilibrium Thermodynamics
16.4 Coupled Phenomena
16.5 Onsager’s Reciprocal Relations
16.6 Entropy and Entropy Production
16.7 Linear Phenomenological Equations
16.8 Thermoelectric Phenomena
16.8.1 Seebeck Effect
16.8.2 Peltier Effect
16.8.3 Joule Effect
16.8.4 Kelvin Effect
16.9 Thermodynamic Forces and Thermodynamic Velocities
16.10 Stationary States, Fluctuations, and Stability
Review Questions
References
Index