Engineering for Sustainable Development: Theory and Practice

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Part I Challenges in Sustainable Engineering
Chapter 1 Sustainability Challenges
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Weak Sustainability vs Strong Sustainability
1.3 Utility vs Throughput
1.4 Relative Scarcity vs Absolute Scarcity
1.5 Global/International Sustainability Agenda
1.6 Engineering Sustainability
1.7 IPAT
1.8 Environmental Kuznets Curves
1.9 Impact of Engineering Innovation on Earth's Carrying Capacity
1.10 Engineering Challenges in Reducing Ecological Footprint
1.11 Sustainability Implications of Engineering Design
1.12 Engineering Catastrophes
1.13 Existential Risks from Engineering Activities in the Twenty‐First Century
1.13.1 Artificial Intelligence (AI)
1.13.2 Green Technologies
1.14 The Way Forward
References
Part II Sustainability Assessment Tools
Chapter 2 Quantifying Sustainability – Triple Bottom Line Assessment
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Triple Bottom Line
2.2.1 The Economic Bottom Line
2.2.2 Environmental Bottom Line
2.2.3 The Social Bottom Line
2.3 Characteristics of Indicators
2.4 How Do You Develop an Indicator?
2.4 Social indicator
2.4 Environmental indicator
2.4 Economic indicator
2.5 Selection of Indicators
2.6 Participatory Approaches in Indicator Development
2.7 Description of Steps for Indicator Development
2.7.1 Step 1: Preliminary Selection of Indicators
2.7.2 Step 2: Questionnaire Design and Development
2.7.3 Step 3: Online Survey Development
2.7.4 Step 4: Participant Selection
2.7.5 Step 5: Final Selection of Indicators and Calculation of Their Weights
2.8 Sustainability Assessment Framework
2.8.1 Expert Survey
2.8.2 Stakeholders Survey
2.9 TBL Assessment for Bench Marking Purposes
2.10 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3 Life Cycle Assessment for TBL Assessment – I
3.1 Life Cycle Thinking
3.2 Life Cycle Assessment
3.3 Environmental Life Cycle Assessment
3.3.1 Application of ELCA
3.3.2 ISO 14040‐44 for Life Cycle Assessment
3.3.2.1 Step 1: Goal and Scope Definition
3.3.2.2 Step 2: Inventory Analysis
3.3.2.3 Step 3: Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)
3.3.2.4 Step 4: Interpretation
3.4 Allocation Method
3.5 Type of LCA
3.6 Uncertainty Analysis in LCA
3.7 Environmental Product Declaration
References
Chapter 4 Economic and Social Life Cycle Assessment
4.1 Economic and Social Life Cycle Assessment
4.2 Life Cycle Costing
4.2.1 Discounted Cash Flow Analysis
4.2.2 Internalisation of External Costs
4.3 Social Life Cycle Assessment
4.3.1 Step 1: Goal and Scope Definition
4.3.2 Step 2: Life Cycle Inventory
4.3.3 Step 3: Life Cycle Social Impact
4.3.4 Step 4: Interpretation
4.4 Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment
References
Part III Sustainable Engineering Solutions
Chapter 5 Sustainable Engineering Strategies
5.1 Engineering Strategies for Sustainable Development
5.2 Cleaner Production Strategies
5.2.1 Good Housekeeping
5.2.2 Input Substitution
5.2.3 Technology Modification
5.2.4 Product Modification
5.2.5 On Site Recovery/Recycling
5.3 Fuji Xerox Case Study – Integration of Five CPS
5.4 Business Case Benefits of Cleaner Production
5.5 Cleaner Production Assessment
5.5.1 Planning and Organisation
5.5.2 Assessment
5.5.3 Feasibility Studies
5.5.4 Implementation and Continuation
5.6 Eco‐efficiency
5.6.1 Key Outcomes of Eco‐efficiency
5.6.2 Eco‐efficiency Portfolio Analysis in Choosing Eco‐efficient Options
5.7 Environmental Management Systems
5.7.1 Aims of an EMS
5.7.2 A Basic EMS Framework: Plan, Do Check, Review
5.7.3 Interested Parties
5.7.4 Benefits of an EMS
5.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6 Industrial Ecology
6.1 What Is Industrial Ecology?
6.2 Application of Industrial Ecology
6.3 Regional Synergies/Industrial Symbiosis
6.4 How Does It Happen?
6.5 Types of Industrial Symbiosis
6.6 Challenges in By‐Product Reuse
6.7 What Is an Eco Industrial Park?
6.8 Practice Examples
6.8.1 Development of an EIP
6.8.2 Industrial Symbiosis in an Industrial Area
6.9 Industrial Symbiosis in Kwinana Industrial Area
6.9.1 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7 Green Engineering
7.1 What Is Green Engineering?
7.1.1 Minimise
7.1.2 Substitute
7.1.3 Moderate
7.1.4 Simplify
7.2 Principles of Green Engineering
7.2.1 Inherent Rather than Circumstantial
7.2.2 Prevention Rather than Treatment
7.2.3 Design for Separation
7.2.4 Maximise Mass, Energy, Space, and Time Efficiency
7.2.5 Output‐Pulled vs Input‐Pushed
7.2.6 Conserve Complexity
7.2.7 Durability Rather than Immortality
7.2.8 Meet Need, Minimise Excess
7.2.9 Minimise Material Diversity
7.2.10 Integration and Interconnectivity
7.2.11 Material and Energy Inputs Should Be Renewable Rather than Depleting
7.2.12 Products, Processes, and Systems Should Be Designed for Performance in a Commercial ‘After Life’
7.3 Application of Green Engineering
7.3.1 Chemical
7.3.1.1 Prevent Waste
7.3.1.2 Maximise Atom Economy
7.3.1.3 Design Safer Chemicals and Products
7.3.1.4 Use Safer Solvents and Reaction Conditions
7.3.1.5 Use Renewable Feedstocks
7.3.1.6 Avoid Chemical Derivatives
7.3.1.7 Use Catalysts
7.3.1.8 Increase Energy Efficiency
7.3.1.9 Design Less Hazardous Chemical Syntheses
7.3.1.10 Design Chemicals and Products to Degrade After Use
7.3.1.11 Analyse in Real Time to Prevent Pollution
7.3.1.12 Minimise the Potential for Accidents
7.3.2 Sustainable Materials
7.3.2.1 Applications of Composite Materials
7.3.2.2 The Positives and Negatives of Composite Materials
7.3.2.3 Bio‐Bricks
7.3.3 Heat Recovery
7.3.3.1 Temperature Classification
7.3.3.2 Heat Recovery Technologies
7.3.3.3 The Positives and Negatives of Waste Heat Recovery
References
Chapter 8 Design for the Environment
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Design for the Environment
8.3 Benefits of Design for the Environment
8.3.1 Economic Benefits
8.3.2 Operational Benefits
8.3.3 Marketing Benefits
8.4 Challenges Associated with Design for the Environment
8.5 Life Cycle Design Guidelines
8.6 Practice Examples
8.6.1 Design for Disassembly
8.6.2 The Life Cycle Benefits of Remanufacturing Strategies
8.7 Zero Waste
8.7.1 Waste Diversion Rate
8.7.2 Zero Waste Index
8.8 Circular Economy
8.8.1 Material Flow Analysis
8.8.2 Practice Example
8.9 Extended Producer Responsibilities
References
Chapter 9 Sustainable Energy
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Energy, Environment, Economy, and Society
9.2.1 Energy and the Economy
9.2.2 Energy and the Environment
9.3 Sustainable Energy
9.4 Pathways Forward
9.4.1 Deployment of Renewable Energy
9.4.2 Improvements to Fossil Fuel Based Power Generation
9.4.3 Plug in Electric Vehicles
9.4.4 Green Hydrogen Economy
9.4.5 Smart Grid
9.4.6 Development of Efficient Energy Storage Technologies
9.4.7 Energy Storage and the Californian “Duck Curve”
9.4.8 Sustainability in Small‐Scale Power Generation
9.4.8.1 Types of Decentralised Electricity Generation System
9.4.9 Blockchain for Sustainable Energy Solutions
9.4.10 Waste Heat Recovery
9.4.11 Carbon Capture Technologies
9.4.11.1 Post Combustion Capture
9.4.11.2 Pre‐combustion Carbon Capture
9.4.12 Demand‐side Management
9.4.12.1 National Perspective
9.4.12.2 User Perspective
9.4.12.3 CO2 Mitigation per Unit of Incremental Cost
9.5 Practice Example
9.5.1 Step 1
9.5.2 Step 2
9.5.3 Step 3
9.5.4 Step 4
9.5.5 Step 5
9.5.6 Step 6
9.5.7 Step 7
9.6 Life Cycle Energy Assessment
9.7 Reference Energy System
9.8 Conclusions
References
Part IV Outcomes
Chapter 10 Engineering for Sustainable Development
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Sustainable Production and Consumption
10.3 Factor X
10.4 Climate Change Challenges
10.5 Water Challenges
10.6 Energy Challenges
10.7 Circular Economy and Dematerialisation
10.8 Engineering Ethics
10.8.1 Engineers Australia's Sustainability Policy – Practices
References
Index
EULA