This comprehensive two semester textbook, now in its 4th edition, continues to provide students with a thorough theoretical understanding of electromagnetic field relations while also providing numerous practical applications. The topics follow a tested pattern familiar to the previous edition, each with a brief, introductory chapter followed by a chapter with extensive treatment, 10 to 30 applications, examples and exercises, and problems and summaries. There is new emphasis on problems, examples and applications based on energy harvesting and renewable energy; additional information on sensing and actuation, new material on issues in energy, power, electronics, and measurements, and an emphasis on aspects of electromagnetics relevant to digital electronics and wireless communication. The author adds and revises problems to emphasize the use of tools such as Matlab; new advanced problems for higher level students; a discussion of symbolic and numerical integration; additional examples with each chapter; and new online material including experiments and review questions. The book is an undergraduate textbook at the upper division level, intended for required classes in electromagnetics. It is written in simple terms with all details of derivations included and all steps in solutions listed. It requires little beyond basic calculus and can be used for self-study.
- Features hundreds of examples and exercises, many new or revised for every topic in the book.
- Includes over 650 end-of-chapter problems, many of them new or revised, mostly based on applications or simplified applications.
- Includes a suite of online demonstration software including a computerized Smith Chart.
Author(s): Nathan Ida
Edition: 4
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 1028
City: Cham
Preface
Introduction to Electromagnetics
A Simple View of Electromagnetics
Units
Derived Units
Supplementary Units
Customary Units
Prefixes
Other Units and Measures
Units of Information
The Decibel (dB) and Its Use
Contents
Chapter 1: Vector Algebra
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Scalars and Vectors
1.2.1 Magnitude and Direction of Vectors: The Unit Vector and Components of a Vector
1.2.2 Vector Addition and Subtraction
1.2.3 Vector Scaling
1.3 Products of Vectors
1.3.1 The Scalar Product
1.3.2 The Vector Product
1.3.3 Multiple Vector and Scalar Products
1.4 Definition of Fields
1.4.1 Scalar Fields
1.4.2 Vector Fields
1.5 Systems of Coordinates
1.5.1 The Cartesian Coordinate System
1.5.2 The Cylindrical Coordinate System
1.5.3 The Spherical Coordinate System
1.5.4 Transformation from Cylindrical to Spherical Coordinates
1.6 Position Vectors
Vectors and Scalars
Addition and Subtraction of Vectors
Sums and Scaling of Vectors
Scalar and Vector Products
Multiple Products
Scalar and Vector Fields
Systems of Coordinates
Position Vectors
Chapter 2: Vector Calculus
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Integration of Scalar and Vector Functions
2.2.1 Line Integrals
2.2.2 Surface Integrals
2.2.3 Volume Integrals
2.2.4 Symbolic Versus Numerical Integration
2.3 Differentiation of Scalar and Vector Functions
2.3.1 The Gradient of a Scalar Function
2.3.1.1 Gradient in Cylindrical Coordinates
2.3.1.2 Gradient in Spherical Coordinates
2.3.2 The Divergence of a Vector Field
2.3.2.1 Divergence in Cartesian Coordinates
2.3.2.2 Divergence in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates
2.3.3 The Divergence Theorem
2.3.4 Circulation of a Vector and the Curl
2.3.4.1 Circulation of a Vector Field
2.3.5 Stokes´ Theorem
2.4 Conservative and Nonconservative Fields
2.5 Null Vector Identities and Classification of Vector Fields
2.5.1 The Helmholtz Theorem
2.5.2 Second-Order Operators
2.5.3 Other Vector Identities
Surface Integrals (Closed and Open)
Volume Integrals
Other Regular Integrals
The Gradient
The Divergence
The Divergence Theorem
The Curl
Stokes´ Theorem
The Helmholtz Theorem and Vector Identities
Chapter 3: Coulomb´s Law and the Electric Field
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Charge and Charge Density
3.3 Coulomb´s Law
3.4 The Electric Field Intensity
3.4.1 Electric Fields of Point Charges
3.4.1.1 Superposition of Electric Fields
3.4.1.2 Electric Field Lines
3.4.1.3 The Electric Dipole
3.4.2 Electric Fields of Charge Distributions
3.4.2.1 Line Charge Distributions
3.4.2.2 Surface Charge Distributions
3.4.2.3 Volume Charge Distributions
3.5 The Electric Flux Density and Electric Flux
3.6 Applications
3.7 Summary
Point Charges, Forces and the Electric Field
Line Charge Densities
Surface Charge Densities
Volume Charge Densities
The Electric Flux Density
Chapter 4: Gauss´s Law and the Electric Potential
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Electrostatic Field: Postulates
4.3 Gauss´s Law
4.3.1 Applications of Gauss´s Law
4.3.1.1 Calculation of the Electric Field Intensity
4.3.1.2 Calculation of Equivalent Charges
4.4 The Electric Potential
4.4.1 Electric Potential Due to Point Charges
4.4.2 Electric Potential Due to Distributed Charges
4.4.3 Calculation of Electric Field Intensity from Potential
4.5 Materials in the Electric Field
4.5.1 Conductors
4.5.1.1 Electric Field at the Surface of a Conductor
4.5.2 Dielectric Materials
4.5.3 Polarization and the Polarization Vector
4.5.4 Electric Flux Density and Permittivity
4.5.4.1 Linearity, Homogeneity, and Isotropy
4.5.5 Dielectric Strength
4.6 Interface Conditions
4.6.1 Interface Conditions Between Two Dielectrics
4.6.2 Interface Conditions Between Dielectrics and Conductors
4.7 Capacitance
4.7.1 The Parallel Plate Capacitor
4.7.2 Capacitance of Infinite Structures
4.7.3 Connection of Capacitors
4.8 Energy in the Electrostatic Field: Point and Distributed Charges
4.8.1 Energy in the Electrostatic Field: Field Variables
4.8.2 Forces in the Electrostatic Field: The Principle of Virtual Work
4.9 Applications
4.10 Summary
Postulates
Gauss´s Law: Calculation of Electric Field Intensity from Charge Distributions
Gauss´s Law: Calculation of Equivalent Charge from the Electric Field Intensity
Potential: Point and Distributed Charges
Electric Field from Potential
Conductors in the Electric Field
Polarization
Dielectric Strength
Interface Conditions
Capacitance
Energy in the Electric Field
Forces
Chapter 5: Boundary Value Problems: Analytic Methods of Solution
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Poisson´s Equation for the Electrostatic Field
5.3 Laplace´s Equation for the Electrostatic Field
5.4 Solution Methods
5.4.1 Uniqueness of Solution
5.4.2 Solution by Direct Integration
5.4.3 The Method of Images
5.4.3.1 Point and Line Charges
5.4.3.2 Charged Line over a Conducting Plane
5.4.3.3 Charges Between Parallel Planes
5.4.3.4 Images in Curved Geometries
5.4.4 Separation of Variables: Solution to Laplace´s Equation
5.4.4.1 Separation of Variables in Cartesian Coordinates
5.4.4.2 Separation of Variables in Cylindrical Coordinates
5.5 Summary
Laplace´s and Poisson´s Equations
Direct Integration
Method of Images: Point and Line Charges in Planar Configurations
Method of Images: Multiple Planes
Method of Images in Curved Geometries
Separation of Variables in Planar Geometries
Separation of Variables in Cylindrical Geometries
Chapter 6: Boundary Value Problems: Numerical (Approximate) Methods
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 A Note on Scripts and Computer Programs
6.2 The General Idea of Numerical Solutions
6.3 The Finite Difference Method: Solution to the Laplace and Poisson Equations
6.3.1 The Finite Difference Approximation: First-Order Derivative
6.3.2 The Finite Difference Approximation: Second-Order Derivative
6.3.3 Implementation
6.3.3.1 Implicit Solution
6.3.3.2 Explicit Solution
6.3.4 Solution to Poisson´s Equation
6.4 The Method of Moments: An Intuitive Approach
6.5 The Finite Element Method: Introduction
6.5.1 The Finite Element
6.5.1.1 The Triangular Element
6.5.2 Implementation of the Finite Element Method
6.5.2.1 The Field Equations
6.5.2.2 Discretization
6.5.2.3 Minimization
6.5.2.4 Assembly of the Elemental Matrices
6.5.2.5 Application of Boundary Conditions
6.5.2.6 Solution
6.6 Summary
Finite Differences
Method of Moments
Finite Elements
Chapter 7: The Steady Electric Current
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Conservation of Charge
7.3 Conductors, Dielectrics, and Lossy Dielectrics
7.3.1 Moving Charges in an Electric Field
7.3.2 Convection Current and Convection Current Density
7.3.3 Conduction Current and Conduction Current Density
7.4 Ohm´s Law
7.5 Power Dissipation and Joule´s Law
7.6 The Continuity Equation and Kirchhoff´s Current Law
7.6.1 Kirchhoff´s Current Law
7.7 Current Density as a Field
7.7.1 Sources of Steady Currents
7.7.2 Kirchhoff´s Voltage Law
7.8 Interface Conditions for Current Density
7.9 Applications
7.10 Summary
Convection and Conduction Current
Conductivity and Resistance
Power Dissipation and Joule´s Law
Continuity and Circuit Laws
Interface Conditions
Chapter 8: The Static Magnetic Field
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Magnetic Field, Magnetic Field Intensity, and Magnetic Flux Density
8.3 The Biot-Savart Law
8.3.1 Applications of the Biot-Savart Law to Distributed Currents
8.4 Ampère´s Law
8.5 Magnetic Flux Density and Magnetic Flux
8.6 Postulates of the Static Magnetic Field
8.7 Potential Functions
8.7.1 The Magnetic Vector Potential
8.7.2 The Magnetic Scalar Potential
8.8 Applications
8.9 Summary
The Biot-Savart Law
Ampère´s Law
Ampère´s Law, Superposition
Biot-Savart Law, Magnetic Vector Potential
Magnetic Scalar Potential
Chapter 9: Magnetic Materials and Properties
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Magnetic Properties of Materials
9.2.1 The Magnetic Dipole
9.2.2 Magnetization: A Model of Magnetic Properties of Materials
9.2.3 Behavior of Magnetic Materials
9.2.3.1 Diamagnetic and Paramagnetic Materials
9.2.3.2 Ferromagnetic Materials
9.2.3.3 Other Magnetic Materials
9.3 Magnetic Interface Conditions
9.3.1 Interface Conditions for the Tangential and Normal Components of the Magnetic Field Intensity H
9.4 Inductance and Inductors
9.4.1 Inductance per Unit Length
9.4.2 External and Internal Inductance
9.5 Energy Stored in the Magnetic Field
9.5.1 Magnetostatic Energy in Terms of Fields
9.6 Magnetic Circuits
9.7 Forces in the Magnetic Field
9.7.1 Principle of Virtual Work: Energy in a Gap
9.8 Torque
9.9 Applications
9.10 Summary
Magnetic Dipoles and Magnetization
Magnetic Interface Conditions
Inductance
Energy
Magnetic Circuits
Forces
Torque
Chapter 10: Faraday´s Law and Induction
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Faraday´s Law
10.3 Lenz´s Law
10.4 Motional Electromotive Force: The DC Generator
10.5 Induced emf Due to Transformer Action
10.6 Combined Motional and Transformer Action Electromotive Force
10.6.1 The Alternating Current Generator
10.7 The Transformer
10.7.1 The Ideal Transformer
10.7.2 The Real Transformer: Finite Permeability
10.7.3 The Real Transformer: Finite Permeability and Flux Leakage
10.8 Eddy Currents
10.9 Applications
10.10 Summary
Motional emf
Induced emf
Generator emf
Transformers
Chapter 11: Maxwell´s Equations
11.1 Introduction: The Electromagnetic Field
11.2 Maxwell´s Equations
11.2.1 Maxwell´s Equations in Differential Form
11.2.2 Maxwell´s Equations in Integral Form
11.3 Time-Dependent Potential Functions
11.3.1 Scalar Potentials
11.3.2 The Magnetic Vector Potential
11.3.3 Other Potential Functions
11.4 Interface Conditions for the Electromagnetic Field
11.4.1 Interface Conditions for the Electric Field
11.4.2 Interface Conditions for the Magnetic Field
11.5 Particular Forms of Maxwell´s Equations
11.5.1 Time-Harmonic Representation
11.5.2 Maxwell´s Equations: The Time-Harmonic Form
11.5.3 Source-Free Equations
11.6 Summary
Maxwell´s Equations, Displacement Current, and Continuity
Maxwell´s Equations
Potential Functions
Interface Conditions for General Fields
Time-Harmonic Equations/Phasors
Chapter 12: Electromagnetic Waves and Propagation
12.1 Introduction
12.2 The Wave
12.3 The Electromagnetic Wave Equation and Its Solution
12.3.1 The Time-Dependent Wave Equation
12.3.2 Time-Harmonic Wave Equations
12.3.3 Solution of the Wave Equation
12.3.4 Solution for Uniform Plane Waves
12.3.5 The One-Dimensional Wave Equation in Free-Space and Perfect Dielectrics
12.4 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
12.5 The Poynting Theorem and Electromagnetic Power
12.6 The Complex Poynting Vector
12.7 Propagation of Plane Waves in Materials
12.7.1 Propagation of Plane Waves in Lossy Dielectrics
12.7.2 Propagation of Plane Waves in Low-Loss Dielectrics
12.7.3 Propagation of Plane Waves in Conductors
12.7.4 The Speed of Propagation of Waves and Dispersion
12.7.4.1 Group Velocity
12.7.4.2 Velocity of Energy Transport
12.7.4.3 Dispersion
12.8 Polarization of Plane Waves
12.8.1 Linear Polarization
12.8.2 Elliptical and Circular Polarization
12.9 Applications
12.10 Summary
The Time-Dependent Wave Equation
The Time-Harmonic Wave Equation
Solution for Uniform Plane Waves
The Poynting Vector
Propagation in Lossless, Low-Loss, and Lossy Dielectrics
Propagation in High-Loss Dielectrics and Conductors
Dispersion and Group Velocity
Polarization of Plane Waves
Chapter 13: Reflection and Transmission of Plane Waves
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Reflection and Transmission at a General Dielectric Interface: Normal Incidence
13.2.1 Reflection and Transmission at an Air-Lossy Dielectric Interface: Normal Incidence
13.2.2 Reflection and Transmission at an Air-Lossless Dielectric Interface: Normal Incidence
13.2.3 Reflection and Transmission at an Air-Conductor Interface: Normal Incidence
13.3 Reflection and Transmission at an Interface: Oblique Incidence on a Perfect Conductor
13.3.1 Oblique Incidence on a Perfectly Conducting Interface: Perpendicular Polarization
13.3.2 Oblique Incidence on a Perfectly Conducting Interface: Parallel Polarization
13.4 Oblique Incidence on Dielectric Interfaces
13.4.1 Oblique Incidence on a Dielectric Interface: Perpendicular Polarization
13.4.2 Oblique Incidence on a Dielectric Interface: Parallel Polarization
13.4.3 Brewster´s Angle
13.4.3.1 Brewster´s Angle for Parallel Polarization
13.4.3.2 Brewster´s Angle for Perpendicular Polarization
13.4.4 Total Reflection
13.5 Reflection and Transmission for Layered Materials at Normal Incidence
13.6 Applications
13.7 Summary
Reflection and Transmission at a General Dielectric Interface: Normal Incidence
Reflection and Transmission at a Dielectric Conductor Interface: Normal Incidence
Oblique incidence on a Conducting Interface: Perpendicular Polarization
Oblique Incidence on a Conducting Interface, Parallel Polarization
Parallel and Perpendicular Polarization in Dielectrics
Brewster's Angle
Total Reflection
Reflection and Transmission for Lossy and Lossless Dielectric Slabs at Normal Incidence
Reflection and Transmission for a Dielectric Slab Backed by a Perfect Conductor: Normal Incidence
Chapter 14: Theory of Transmission Lines
14.1 Introduction
14.2 The Transmission Line
14.3 Transmission Line Parameters
14.3.1 Calculation of Line Parameters
14.3.1.1 Resistance per Unit Length
14.3.1.2 Inductance per Unit Length
14.3.1.3 Capacitance per Unit Length
14.3.1.4 Conductance per Unit Length
14.4 The Transmission Line Equations
14.5 Types of Transmission Lines
14.5.1 The Lossless Transmission Line
14.5.2 The Long Transmission Line
14.5.3 The Distortionless Transmission Line
14.5.4 The Low-Resistance Transmission Line
14.6 The Field Approach to Transmission Lines
14.7 Finite Transmission Lines
14.7.1 The Load Reflection Coefficient
14.7.2 Line Impedance and the Generalized Reflection Coefficient
14.7.3 The Lossless, Terminated Transmission Line
14.7.4 The Lossless, Matched Transmission Line
14.7.5 The Lossless, Shorted Transmission Line
14.7.6 The Lossless, Open Transmission Line
14.7.7 The Lossless, Resistively Loaded Transmission Line
14.8 Power Relations on a General Transmission Line
14.9 Resonant Transmission Line Circuits
14.10 Applications
14.11 Summary
Transmission Line Parameters
Long, Lossless Lines
The Distortionless Transmission Line
The Low-Resistance Transmission Line
The Field Approach to Transmission Lines
Finite Transmission Lines
Line Impedance, Reflection Coefficient, Etc
Shorted and Open Transmission Lines
Resistive Loads on Transmission Lines
Capacitive and Inductive Loads on Transmission Lines
Power Relations on Transmission Lines
Resonant Transmission Lines
Chapter 15: The Smith Chart, Impedance Matching, and Transmission Line Circuits
15.1 Introduction
15.2 The Smith Chart
15.3 The Smith Chart as an Admittance Chart
15.4 Impedance Matching and the Smith Chart
15.4.1 Impedance Matching
15.4.2 Stub Matching
15.4.2.1 Single Stub Matching
15.4.2.2 Double Stub Matching
15.5 Quarter-Wavelength Transformer Matching
15.6 Summary
General Design Using the Smith Chart
Stub Matching
Transformer Matching
Chapter 16: Transients on Transmission Lines
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Propagation of Narrow Pulses on Finite, Lossless Transmission Lines
16.3 Propagation of Narrow Pulses on Finite, Distortionless Transmission Lines
16.4 Transients on Transmission Lines: Long Pulses
16.5 Transients on Transmission Lines: Finite-Length Pulses
16.6 Reflections from Discontinuities
16.7 Transients on Lines with Reactive Loading
16.7.1 Capacitive Loading
16.7.2 Inductive Loading
16.8 Initial Conditions on Transmission Lines
16.9 Summary
Propagation of Narrow Pulses on Finite, Lossless, and Lossy Transmission Lines
Transients on Transmission Lines: Long Pulses
Transients on Transmission Lines: Finite-Length Pulses
Reflections from Discontinuities
Reactive Loading
Initially Charged Lines
Time Domain Reflectometry
Chapter 17: Waveguides and Resonators
17.1 Introduction
17.2 The Concept of a Waveguide
17.3 Transverse Electromagnetic, Transverse Electric, and Transverse Magnetic Waves
17.3.1 Transverse Electromagnetic Waves
17.3.2 Transverse Electric (TE) Waves
17.3.3 Transverse Magnetic (TM) Waves
17.4 TE Propagation in Parallel Plate Waveguides
17.5 TM Propagation in Parallel Plate Waveguides
17.6 TEM Waves in Parallel Plate Waveguides
17.7 Rectangular Waveguides
17.7.1 TM Modes in Rectangular Waveguides
17.7.2 TE Modes in Rectangular Waveguides
17.7.3 Attenuation and Losses in Rectangular Waveguides
17.7.3.1 Dielectric Losses
17.7.3.2 Wall Losses
17.7.3.3 Attenuation Below Cutoff
17.8 Other Waveguides
17.9 Cavity Resonators
17.9.1 TM Modes in Cavity Resonators
17.9.2 TE Modes in Cavity Resonators
17.10 Energy Relations in a Cavity Resonator
17.11 Quality Factor of a Cavity Resonator
17.12 Applications
17.13 Summary
TE, TM, and TEM Propagation in Parallel Plate Waveguides
TM/TE Modes in Rectangular Waveguides
Attenuation and Losses in Rectangular Waveguides
Cavity Resonators
Chapter 18: Antennas and Electromagnetic Radiation
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Electromagnetic Radiation and Radiation Safety
18.3 Antennas
18.4 The Electric Dipole
18.4.1 The Near Field
18.4.2 The Far Field
18.5 Properties of Antennas
18.5.1 Radiated Power
18.5.2 Radiation Resistance
18.5.3 Antenna Radiation Patterns
18.5.3.1 Planar Antenna Radiation Pattern Plots
18.5.3.2 Rectangular Radiation Pattern Plots
18.5.3.3 Beamwidth
18.5.4 Radiation Intensity and Average Radiation Intensity
18.5.5 Antenna Directivity
18.5.6 Antenna Gain and Radiation Efficiency
18.6 The Magnetic Dipole
18.6.1 Near Fields for the Magnetic Dipole
18.6.2 Far Fields for the Magnetic Dipole
18.6.3 Properties of the Magnetic Dipole
18.7 Practical Antennas
18.7.1 Linear Antennas of Arbitrary Length
18.7.1.1 The Half-Wavelength Dipole Antenna
18.7.1.2 Full- and Three-Halves-Wavelength Antennas
18.7.2 The Monopole Antenna
18.8 Antenna Arrays
18.8.1 The Two-Element Array
18.8.1.1 Two Element Parallel Antennas Array
18.8.1.2 Two Element Colinear Antennas Array
18.8.2 The n-Element Linear Array
18.9 Reciprocity and Receiving Antennas
18.10 Effective Aperture
18.11 The Radar
18.11.1 Types of Radar
18.12 Other Antennas
18.13 Applications
18.14 Summary
Fields of the Short Dipole-Hertzian Dipole (see Figure 18.3)
Magnetic Dipole (Small-Loop Antenna, radius λ): See Figure 18.10
Radar and Radar Cross Section
Hertzian Dipole
Magnetic Dipole
Linear Antennas of Arbitrary Length
The Half-Wave Dipole Antenna
Various Length Dipole Antennas
The Monopole Antenna
Two-Element Image Antennas
The n-Element Linear Array
Reciprocity and Receiving Antennas
Radar
Answers
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Appendix: Summary of Vector Relations and Physical Constants
Gradient, Divergence, Curl, and the Laplacian in Various Coordinates
Index
