Engineered Nanostructures for Therapeutics and Biomedical Applications

Front Cover
Engineered Nanostructures for Therapeutics and Biomedical Applications
Copyright Page
Contents
List of contributors
Preface
1 Engineered nanostructures: an introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Role of nanotechnology in medical science
1.3 Types of nanostructures for medical applications
1.3.1 Nanoparticles
1.3.2 Magnetic nanoparticles
1.3.3 Metallic nanoparticles
1.3.4 Bimetallic nanoparticles
1.3.5 Metal oxide nanoparticles
1.3.6 Carbon nanomaterials
1.3.7 Graphene quantum dots
1.3.8 Graphene/graphene oxide
1.3.8.1 Carbon nanotubes
1.3.9 Nanowires
1.3.10 Semiconducting Si nanowires
1.3.11 Magnetic nanowires
1.3.12 Nanogels
1.3.13 Nanofibers
1.3.14 Nanocapsules
1.3.15 Metal-organic frameworks
1.4 Shape controlled engineered (hybrid) nanostructures for biomedical applications
1.4.1 Drug delivery
1.4.2 Diagnosis
1.4.3 Imaging
1.5 Challenges of therapeutic and biomedical applications
1.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
2 Fluorescent inorganic nanoparticles for bioimaging and therapeutic applications
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Fluorescent inorganic nanoparticles
2.2.1 Quantum dots
2.2.2 Upconversion nanoparticles
2.2.3 Metal nanoparticles
2.3 Fluorescent inorganic nanoparticles in bioimaging
2.3.1 Quantum dots for bioimaging
2.3.2 Upconversion nanoparticles for bioimaging
2.3.3 Metal nanoparticles for bioimaging
2.4 Fluorescent inorganic nanoparticles in therapy
2.4.1 Quantum dots for therapy
2.4.2 Upconversion nanoparticles for therapy
2.4.3 Metal nanoparticles for therapy
2.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
3 Quantum dots and conjugated metal-organic frameworks for targeted drug delivery and bioimaging of cancer
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Mechanics of quantum dot: A general architecture
3.3 Metal-organic framework: a dynamic coordination polymer
3.4 Designing strategy for QD@MOF nanocomposites
3.4.1 Encapsulation of quantum dots in metal-organic frameworks
3.4.2 Postsynthetic loading of quantum dots in metal-organic frameworks
3.4.3 Other synthesis methods
3.4.4 Photochemical patterning of QDs@MOFs
3.5 Different characterization techniques
3.6 Potential of QD@MOF composite for drug delivery
3.7 Multifunctional QD@MOF composites for bioimaging applications
3.8 Conclusion and future perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
4 Carbon-based nanogels as a synergistic platform for bioimaging and drug delivery
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Properties of C-hNgs
4.3 Classification of C-hNgs
4.3.1 pH-responsive C-hNgs
4.3.2 Glucose-responsive C-hNgs
4.3.3 Thermo-responsive C-hNgs
4.3.4 NIR light- and electro-responsive C-hNgs
4.3.5 Multi-responsive C-hNgs
4.4 Synthesis of carbon nanomaterial-functionalized carbon-based nanogels
4.4.1 Fabrication of carbon-dot-based hNgs
4.4.2 Fabrication of graphene oxide-based hNgs
4.4.3 Fabrication of fullerene-based hNgs
4.4.4 Fabrication of carbon nanotube-based hNgs
4.4.5 Fabrication of nanodiamond-based hNgs
4.5 Conclusion
References
5 Graphene oxides and derivatives for biomedical applications: drug delivery/gene delivery, bioimaging, and therapeutics
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Graphene oxide and its derivatives
5.2.1 Synthesis of graphene oxide
5.2.1.1 Brodie’s oxidation method
5.2.1.2 Staudenmaier method
5.2.1.3 Hofmann method
5.2.1.4 Hummer’s method
5.2.1.5 Other methods
5.3 Characterization of graphene oxide
5.4 Derivatives of graphene oxide
5.5 Drug delivery/gene delivery
5.5.1 Polyethylene glycol-based surface functionalization of graphene oxide
5.5.2 Surface functionalization of graphene oxide with folic acid
5.5.3 Surface functionalization of graphene oxide polyethyleneimine
5.5.4 Surface functionalization of graphene oxide with chitosan
5.6 Bioimaging
5.6.1 Graphene oxide-based in vitro microplate bioimaging
5.6.2 Graphene oxide-based in vitro cellular bioimaging
5.6.3 Graphene oxide-based in vivo bioimaging
5.7 Graphene-based nanomaterials in bioimaging
5.7.1 Optical imaging
5.7.2 Fluorescence imaging
5.7.3 Two-photon fluorescence imaging
5.7.4 Raman imaging
5.7.5 Radionuclide-based imaging
5.7.6 Magnetic resonance imaging
5.7.7 Photoacoustic imaging
5.7.8 Computed tomography
5.7.9 Multimodal imaging
5.8 Theranostics
5.9 Conclusion
References
6 Self-assembled polymeric nanostructures: a promising platform for bioimaging and therapeutic applications
6.1 Introduction
6.2 What is self-assembly?
6.3 Self-assembled polymeric nanostructures (SAPNs)
6.3.1 Advantages and mechanism for drug release of SAPNs
6.3.2 Nanogels (NGs)
6.3.2.1 Preparation
6.3.2.2 Biomedical applications of nanogels
Nanogels for brain/neurodegenerative disease
Nanogels for cardiovascular diseases
Nanogels for diabetes management
Nanogels for cancer therapy and bioimaging
Nanogels for tissue engineering and gene therapy
Nanogels for antiinflammatory drugs
Nanogels for local anesthetics and pain management
Nanogels for ophthalmic diseases
6.3.2.3 Recent developments and future perspectives
6.3.3 Nanospheres (NSs)
6.3.3.1 Preparation
6.3.3.2 Biomedical applications of nanospheres
Nanospheres for tumor treatment
Nanospheres against mononuclear phagocytic system
Nanospheres for oral administration of drug
Nanospheres and blood brain barrier for drug delivery
Nanospheres for gene delivery
Nanospheres for cutaneous applications
6.3.3.3 Recent developments and future prospects
6.3.4 Nanocapsules (NCs)
6.3.4.1 Preparation
6.3.4.2 Biomedical applications of nanocapsules
Antibody-incorporated nanocapsules for drug delivery
Nanocapsules for oral delivery
MRI-guided nanocapsule system for theranostic applications
Nanocapsule-based in vivo delivery of plasmids
Nanocapsules as self-healing materials
Self-assembled DNA-based nanocapsules for drug delivery
Biomimetic hollow polymeric nanocapsules
6.3.4.3 Recent developments and future perspective
6.3.5 Polymeric micelles (PMs)
6.3.5.1 Preparation
6.3.5.2 Biomedical applications of polymeric micelles
Polymeric micelles as polymer-drug conjugates
Polymeric micelles as nanocontainers
Polymeric micelles as solubilizing agents for the water-insoluble drugs
Polymeric micelles with modified-release profile
Polymeric micelles for tumor treatment via passive drug targeting
Polymeric micelles for ocular drug delivery
Polymeric micelles for delivery in brain
6.3.5.3 Recent developments and future perspective
6.3.6 Polymersomes (PoMs)
6.3.6.1 Preparation
6.3.6.2 Biomedical applications of polymersomes
Polymersomes for medical imaging
Polymersomes for cancer therapy
Polymersomes as antibody-based delivery vectors
Polymersomes as nanoreactors
Polymersomes for artificial cells and organelles
Polymersomes for Gene therapy
Polymersomes for neurodegenerative diseases
6.3.6.3 Recent developments and future perspective
6.3.7 Liquid crystals (LCs)
6.3.7.1 Preparation
6.3.7.2 Biomedical applications of liquid crystals
Liquid crystals for rapid diagnosis
Liquid crystals for biomimicry
Liquid crystals for high-density-lipoproteins testing in human serum
Liquid crystals for ophthalmic lenses
Liquid crystals for sperm testing
Liquid crystals for dental fillings
Liquid crystals for solubility enhancement
Liquid crystals for drug delivery
6.3.7.3 Recent developments and future perspective
6.3.8 Dendrimers (DMs)
6.3.8.1 Preparation
6.3.8.2 Biomedical applications of dendrimers
Dendrimers porters for anticancer drugs
Dendrimers for transdermal drug delivery
Dendrimers for gene delivery
Dendrimers as imaging contrast agent
Dendrimers used for enhancing solubility
Dendrimer-based photodynamic therapy (PDT)
Dendrimers as biomimics
Dendrimers for oral drug delivery
6.3.8.3 Recent development and future perspectives
References
7 Nanofibrous scaffolds for tissue engineering processes
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Self-assembly
7.2.1 β-Sheet-forming peptides
7.2.2 α-Helical-forming peptides
7.2.3 Peptide amphiphiles
7.3 Electrospinning
7.4 Phase separation
7.5 Perspective and future directions
Acknowledgment
References
8 Design and testing of nanobiomaterials for orthopedic implants
Abbreviations
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Role of nanobiomaterials for orthopedic implants
8.3 Nanotechnology for tissue-engineered bones and nanoscaffolds for improved bone grafts and implants
8.3.1 Nano scaffolds for bone grafts and implants
8.3.1.1 Polymers
8.3.1.2 Ceramics
8.3.1.3 Carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers
8.3.1.4 Composite materials
8.3.1.5 Metal based nanoparticles in scaffolds and implants
8.3.2 Drug loaded scaffolds
8.4 Spinal implants
8.4.1 Nanotechnology for spinal fusion
8.4.2 Nanotechnology based implants for osteoporotic bones
8.5 Nanotechnology for fracture repair (internal fixation devices)
8.6 Nanotechnology for arthoplasty
8.7 Nanomaterials modified orthopedic implants for prevention of orthopedic infections
8.8 Nanotechnology driven implants for anticancer application in orthopedics
8.9 Future scopes and challenges
References
9 Drug-releasing nano-bioimplants: from basics to current progress
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Classification of nano-bioimplants
9.2.1 Polymeric nano-bioimplants
9.2.1.1 Biodegradable polymeric implant
9.2.1.2 Non-biodegradable polymeric implant
9.2.2 Metallic nano-implants
9.2.3 Bio-ceramic nano-implants
9.3 Processing and characterization of bio-implants
9.4 Applications of nano-bioimplants
9.4.1 Orthopedic implants
9.4.2 Dental implants
9.4.3 Cardiovascular implants
9.4.4 Tissue regeneration
9.4.5 Cancer therapy
9.5 Impact of nano-bioimplants
9.6 Recent trends and challenges in nano-bioimplants
9.6.1 Additive manufacturing
9.7 Future aspects of nano-bioimplants
9.8 Conclusion
References
10 Mobile nanorobotics for biomedical applications
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Nanorobots in diagnosis/sensing and detoxification
10.3 Nanorobots in drug delivery
10.4 Nanorobots in surgery
10.5 Biomolecular nanorobots
10.6 Conclusion, gaps, and future prospects
Acknowledgment
References
11 Opportunities, challenges, and future prospects of engineered nanostructures for therapeutics and biomedical applications
11.1 Nanobiotechnology and nanomedicine—a success story
11.2 Pitfalls and challenges
11.2.1 Biological challenges
11.2.1.1 Biological barriers and specific targeting
11.2.1.2 Incongruence between human disease and animal models
11.2.2 Technological challenges
11.2.2.1 Regulatory and pharmacological challenges
11.2.2.2 Challenges in scaling up and manufacturing
11.2.3 Other challenges
11.3 Future of engineered nanostructures in medicine
References
Index
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