Engineered Biochar: Fundamentals, Preparation, Characterization and Applications

Contents
Engineered Biochar: Fundaments
Pristine Biochar and Engineered Biochar: Differences and Application
1 Introduction
2 Production of Pristine Biochar
3 Modified Biochar
3.1 Physical Modification
3.2 Chemical Modification
3.3 Biochar-Based Composite
4 Applications of Biochar
4.1 Biochar for Soil Conditioning  and Carbon Sequestration
4.2 Biochar for Remediation of Pollutants from Aqueous Medium
4.3 Biochar Application for Removal of the Pathogen
5 Factors Affecting Adsorption by Biochar
5.1 pH
5.2 Functional Groups Present in Biochar
5.3 Minerals in Biochar
6 Conclusion and Recommendation for Future Direction
References
Waste to Wealth: Types of Raw Materials for Preparation of Biochar and Their Characteristics
1 Introduction
2 Biochar Characterization
3 Classification of Biochar
4 Raw Materials for the Preparation of Biochar
4.1 Effect of Type of Raw Material on Biochar Properties
5 Conclusion
References
Biochar Preparation by Different Thermo-Chemical Conversion Processes
1 Introduction
2 Biomass Pyrolysis
2.1 Overview of the Pyrolysis Process
2.2 Slow Pyrolysis
2.3 Intermediate Pyrolysis
2.4 Fast Pyrolysis
2.5 Microwave Pyrolysis
3 Biomass Gasification
4 Biomass Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC)
5 Conclusion and Prospects
5.1 An Overview of the Current Status of Biochar Production
References
Engineered Biochar: Preparation and Characterization
Physical Treatment for Biochar Modification: Opportunities, Limitations and Advantages
1 Introduction
2 Biochar Activation/Treatment
3 Physical Modification of Biochar
3.1 Physical Modification Type I—Gaseous Activation
3.2 Physical Modification Type II—Ozone (O3) Activation
3.3 Physical Modification Type III—Thermal Activation
3.4 Physical Modification Type IV—Microwave Activation
3.5 Physical Modification Type V—Ultrasound Activation
3.6 Physical Modification Type VI—Plasma Activation
3.7 Physical Modification Type VII—Electrochemical Modification
4 Limitations of Physical Modifications
5 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
Chemical Treatments for Biochar Modification: Opportunities, Limitations and Advantages
1 Introduction
2 Chemical Modification of Biochar
2.1 Acidic Modification
2.2 Alkaline Modification
2.3 Modification Using Oxidizing Agents
2.4 Modification Using Metal Salts and Metal Oxides
2.5 Modification Using Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
2.6 Modification Using Clay Minerals
2.7 Magnetic Modification of Biochar
3 Advantages of Chemical Modifications
3.1 Improvement in Physical Properties of Biochar
3.2 Enhancement in Chemical Properties of Biochar
3.3 Enhancement in Electric and Magnetic Properties of Biochar
4 Limitations of Chemical Modifications of Biochar
5 Conclusion
References
Biological Treatment for Biochar Modification: Opportunities, Limitations, and Advantages
1 Introduction
2 Biological Modification Techniques
2.1 Interaction of Biochar with Intestinal Enzymes of Earthworms
2.2 Pyrolysis of Anaerobically Digested (AD) Waste
3 Effect of Biological Modification
3.1 On Microbial Properties
3.2 On Biochar Properties
4 Mechanisms Involved in Biological Modification of Biochar
4.1 Biological Modification Through Intestinal Enzymes of Earthworms
4.2 Biological Modification by Pyrolysis of Anaerobically Digested (AD) Biomass
5 Applications of Biologically Modified Biochar
6 Advantages and Limitations of Biological Modification of Biochar
7 Conclusions
References
New Trends in Pyrolysis Methods: Opportunities, Limitations, and Advantages
1 Introduction
2 Principle of New Pyrolysis Methods
2.1 Co-pyrolysis
2.2 Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis
2.3 Pyrolysis Under Non-inert Ambiances
2.4 Hydrothermal Carbonization (Wet Pyrolysis)
2.5 Integrated Pyrolysis Techniques
3 Advantages of New Pyrolysis Methods
3.1 Co-pyrolysis
3.2 Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis
3.3 Pyrolysis Under Non-inert Ambiances
3.4 Hydrothermal Carbonization
3.5 Integrated Pyrolysis Techniques
4 Limitations of New Pyrolysis Methods
4.1 Co-pyrolysis
4.2 Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis
4.3 Pyrolysis Under Non-inert Ambiances
4.4 Hydrothermal Carbonization
4.5 Integrated Pyrolysis Techniques
5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Characterization of Engineered Biochar: Proximate Analyses, Ultimate Analyses, Physicochemical Analyses, Surface Analyses, and Molecular Analyses
1 Introduction
2 Proximate Analysis
3 Ultimate Analysis
4 Physicochemical Analyses
4.1 Physical Analyses
4.2 Chemical Analyses
5 Surface Analyses
5.1 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
5.2 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
5.3 Specific Surface Area (BET)
6 Molecular Analyses
7 Limitations of Characterization of Engineered Biochar
8 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
Engineered Biochar: Applications
Engineered Biochar as Adsorbent for Removal of Heavy Metals from Soil Medium
1 Introduction
2 Soil Fertility Status of Indian Soils
3 Heavy metal
3.1 Adverse effects of heavy metals on Plant
3.2 Adverse effects of heavy metals on human
4 Heavy metal pathway in human being
5 Role of Biochar in Agriculture
5.1 Properties of biochar
6 Remediation methods of heavy metal from ecosystems
6.1 Role of biochar in heavy metal remediation
7 Conclusions and future prospects
References
Engineered Biochar as Adsorbent for Removal of Emerging Contaminants from Aqueous and Soil Medium
1 Introduction
2 Pharmaceuticals
2.1 Antibiotics
2.2 Anti-inflammatory Pharmaceuticals
2.3 Antidepressants
3 Personal Care Products Components
3.1 Synthetic and Natural Hormones
3.2 Pesticides
3.3 Triclosan
4 Organic Solvents and Dyes
5 Nitrogen and Phosphorus Contaminants
5.1 Nitrates
5.2 Phosphates
5.3 Ammonia
6 Microplastic
7 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
Engineered Biochar as Soil Fertilizer
1 Introduction
1.1 Engineered Biochar: Definition and Need
2 Bibliometric Analysis for Research on Engineered Biochar as Soil Fertilizer
3 Engineered Biochar as Soil Fertilizer
4 Enhanced Properties of Engineered Biochar and Its Impact on Soil Properties
4.1 Physicochemical Properties
4.2 Improvement in Soil Nutrient Contents
4.3 Soil Biological Properties
4.4 Crop Responses to Engineered Biochar Application
5 Limitations Related to Engineered Biochar Use as Soil Fertilizer
6 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Engineered Biochar: Sink and Sequestration of Carbon
1 Introduction
2 Relevant Characteristics of Biochar for CO2 Capture and Sequestration
2.1 Physical Properties
2.2 Chemical Properties
3 Engineered Biochar Potential for Carbon Capture and Sequestration
4 Limitations
5 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
Engineered Biochar as Gas Adsorbent
1 Introduction
1.1 History of Gas Adsorption
1.2 Origin of Biochar Applications
1.3 Adsorbent—Application of Adsorption Technique on Biochar
2 Principle of the Gas Sorption
2.1 Mechanism of Gas Adsorption and Desorption Processes
2.2 Isotherm of Gas Adsorption
2.3 Kinetics of Gas Adsorption
2.4 Thermodynamics of Gas Adsorption
3 Changing Biochar Properties by Modification
4 Studies of Engineered Biochar as Gas Adsorbent
4.1 CO2 Adsorbents
4.2 Other Gas Adsorbents
5 Limitations
6 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
Engineered Biochar as Supercapacitors
1 Introduction
2 Principle of Supercapacitor
2.1 Electric Double Layer (EDL)
2.2 Performance of Supercapacitor
3 Components of Supercapacitor
3.1 Separator
3.2 Electrolyte
3.3 Current Collector
3.4 Polarizable Electrode
3.5 Style and Construction of Supercapacitor
4 Preparation of Biochar for Electrode Material of Supercapacitor
4.1 Physical Activation
4.2 Chemical Activation
5 Biochar as Supercapacitor Electrode
6 Conclusion
References
Engineered Biochar as a Catalyst
1 Introduction
2 Modified Biochar as Catalysts
2.1 Modified Biochar as a Catalyst in Advanced Oxidation Processes
2.2 Modified Biochar in Photocatalysis of Emerging Pollutants
2.3 Modified Biochar as a Catalyst in Energy Production Applications
3 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Engineered Biochar as Construction Material
1 Introduction
2 Properties of Engineered Biochar Suitable for Geoengineering and Advantages
2.1 Chemical Stability of Engineered Biochar
2.2 Low Thermal Conductivity
2.3 Flammability
3 Effect of Engineered Biochar on the Characteristics of Building Materials
3.1 Physical Properties
3.2 Mechanical Properties
3.3 Durability Properties
4 Applications of Engineered Biochar for Geoengineering
4.1 Insulation Material
4.2 Biochar-Based Clay and Lime Plasters
4.3 Building Bricks, Tiles, and Concrete
4.4 Biochar Roof Tiles
5 Limitations of Engineered Biochar for Geoengineering
6 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
Engineered Biochar as Feed Supplement and Other Husbandry Applications
1 Introduction
2 Biochar in Animal Farming
3 Preparing Biochar for Animal Use
4 Role of Biochar in Farm Animal Production
4.1 Biochar as Adsorbent in Livestock Farming
4.2 Biochar as an Immune Booster
4.3 Control of Pathogenic Activity
4.4 Reduced Methane Production
5 Use of Biochar in Production Animal Farming
5.1 Ruminants
5.2 Pigs
5.3 Chicken
5.4 Fish
5.5 Biochar and Wild Animals
6 Limitations
7 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Application of Engineered Biochars for Soil Amelioration
1 Introduction
2 Engineered Biochar Efficacy for Soil Amelioration
2.1 Improving Soil Physico-Chemical Properties
2.2 Remediation of Contaminated Soils
3 Limitations
4 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
Engineered Biochar as Adsorbent for the Removal of Contaminants from Aqueous Medium
1 Introduction
2 Immobilization of Inorganic Contaminants
3 Cation Exchange
4 Complexation
5 Electrostatic Interactions
6 Cation–π Bonding
7 Precipitation
8 Reduction
9 Key Material Properties for Inorganic Contaminant Immobilization
9.1 Functional Groups
9.2 Cation Exchange Capacity
9.3 Specific Surface Area
9.4 pH
9.5 Modification
9.6 Immobilization of Organic Contaminants
9.7 π–π Electron Donor–Acceptor Interactions
9.8 H-Bonding
9.9 Electrostatic Interactions
9.10 Steric Effects
10 Key Material Properties for Inorganic Immobilization
10.1 Specific Surface Area
10.2 Aromaticity
10.3 Polarity
11 Limitations
12 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References