This book provides a broad look at all different energy storage technologies, from the past and into the future. It takes a hard look at the advantages and disadvantages of various technologies, but also the different applications of energy storage to determine the attributes that are most important for the technology one would choose for them. The book guides you through the hidden costs and true advantages of today's energy storage technologies, and helps you understand energy storage technologies' specifications and claims to uncover which are important to their applications. You will see how an energy storage technology's attributes affect the total system's performance and value and be equipped to evaluate the true costs of energy storage, with respect to up-front capital costs, ongoing operating costs, and total carbon footprint. You will also find helpful lessons learned from industry experts as they strove to pave new roads in the development of energy storage technologies and their markets. This is an excellent resource for project developers and anyone who needs a broad understanding of what matters in energy storage.
Author(s): C. Michael Hoff
Series: Artech House Power Engineering
Publisher: Artech House
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 310
City: Boston
Energy Storage Technologies
and Applications
Contents
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1
A Brief History of Storing Energy Using Electricity
1.1 Bottled Electricity: First Attempts to Capture Electrical Energy
1.2 Primary Battery Developments
1.3 Early Battery Applications
1.4 Secondary Rechargeable Batteries
1.5 Electrified Transportation
1.6 Storage in Electricity Distribution
1.7 Pumped Hydro Energy Storage
1.8 Growth of Hydro-Based Storage and Generation
1.9 Compressed-Air Energy Storage
1.10 Return of Battery-Based Energy Storage
1.10.1 Lithium-Ion Batteries
1.11 Going Forward
References
Additional References and Useful Links
Chapter 2
Applications of Energy Storage
on the Grid
2.1 Why Does the Grid Need Energy Storage?
2.1.1 Inertial Support
2.1.2 Frequency Services
2.1.3 Renewable Energy Integration
2.1.4 Energy Shifting
2.1.5 Transmission and Distribution
2.1.6 Demand Charge Management
2.1.7 Power Quality
2.1.8 Resiliency
2.2 How Much Energy Storage is Necessary?
References
Appendix 2A
AC versus DC
Chapter 3
Mechanical Energy Storage
3.1 Kinetic Energy Storage
3.1.1 The Fundamentals
3.1.2 Beacon Power
3.1.3 Flywheels for Frequency Regulation
3.1.4 Flywheel Summary
3.2 Potential Energy Storage
3.2.1 Gravitricity’s Weights on a Cable
3.2.2 Gravity Power’s Floating Piston
3.2.3 Energy Vault’s Stack of Blocks
3.2.4 Summary of Potential Energy Storage Systems
3.3 Mechanical Energy Storage Summary
Additional References and Useful Links
Chapter 4
Hydroelectric Energy Storage
4.1 The Basics
4.2 Massive Scale
4.3 Environmental Impact
4.4 The Muscle in the Works
4.4.1 How Much Power Can a Turbine Produce?
4.4.2 Height and Flow
4.5 Examples of Pumped Hydro Storage
4.6 PHS Applications
4.6.1 Bulk Energy Storage
4.6.2 Seasonal Energy Storage
4.6.3 Short-Term Energy Storage and Grid Services
4.7 Summary of Pumped Hydro Storage
References
Appendix 4A
Chapter 5
Thermodynamic Energy Storage
5.1 CAES
5.1.1 Compressing Air
5.1.2 Decompressing Air
5.1.3 Examples of CAES Plants
5.1.4 Siting CAES
5.1.6 Controlling CAES
5.1.7 Summary of Compressed Air Energy Storage
5.2 Thermal Energy Storage
5.2.1 Sensible Thermal Energy
5.2.2 Latent Heat Storage
5.3 Thermochemical Storage
5.4 Summary of Thermal Energy Storage
References
Appendix 5A
Chapter 6
Electrochemical Energy Storage
6.1 Six Critical Components of a Battery Cell
6.2 Battery Energy Storage Architecture
6.3 Battery Chemistries
6.3.1 Lead-Acid
6.3.2 Nickel-Cadmium
6.3.3 Nickel-Metal Hydride
6.3.4 Lithium-Ion
6.3.5 Sodium-Sulfur Batteries
6.3.6 Flow Batteries
6.3.7 Vanadium Redox Flow Battery
6.3.8 Zinc-Bromine
6.3.9 All Iron Flow Battery
6.3.10 Zinc Batteries
6.3.11 Zinc Manganese Dioxide
6.3.12 Sodium-Ion Batteries
6.3.13 Liquid Metal Batteries
6.3.14 Nickel-Iron
6.3.15 Electrochemical Supercapacitors
6.4 Summary of Electrochemical Energy Storage
6.5 Summary of Other Chemistries
References
Chapter 7
The Value of Energy Storage
7.1 Levelized Cost of Energy
7.2 Levelized Cost of Storage
7.3 Levelized Cost of Using Storage
7.3.1 Up-Front Capex
7.3.2 Operating Costs
7.3.3 Summary of Costs
7.3.4 Delivered Energy Basis
7.3.5 Simple LCUS Exercises
7.3.6 Applications of Energy Storage that Make Cents
7.3.7 Sum of the Parts
7.4 Concluding Remarks
References
List of Acronyms, Constants, and Terms
About the Author
Index
