Energy Smart Appliances: Applications, Methodologies, and Challenges

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
About the Editors
List of Contributors
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Chapter 1 Demand‐Side Flexibility in Smart Grids
1.1 The Energy Sector
1.2 The Power Grid
1.3 The Smart Grid
1.4 Power Grid Flexibility
1.4.1 The Need for Flexibility
1.4.2 Sources of Flexibility
1.4.2.1 Flexible Generation
1.4.2.2 Flexible Transmission and Grid Interconnection
1.4.2.3 Control Over VRES
1.4.2.4 Energy Storage Facilities
1.4.2.5 Demand‐Side Management
1.4.2.6 Other Sources of Flexibility
1.5 Power Quality, Reliability, and Resilience
1.5.1 Power Quality Disturbances
1.5.1.1 Transients
1.5.1.2 Short‐Duration RMS Variation
1.5.1.3 Long‐Duration RMS Variation
1.5.1.4 Imbalance
1.5.1.5 Waveform Distortion
1.5.1.6 Voltage Fluctuation
1.5.1.7 Power Frequency Variations
1.6 Economic Implications and Issues of Poor Power Quality
1.7 Internet of Things
1.8 The Relevance of Submetering
1.9 Energy Smart Appliances
References
Chapter 2 A Deep Dive into the Smart Energy Home
2.1 Smart Home Ecosystem
2.2 Enabling Technologies
2.3 Limitations
2.4 A Look into a Future Anchored in the Past
2.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Household Energy Demand Management
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Technical Opportunities and Challenges for DSM
3.2.1 Software Solutions
3.2.2 Hardware Platforms
3.2.3 Communication Infrastructures
3.2.4 Communication Protocols
3.2.5 Security Concerns
3.3 Pilots and Experimental Settings
3.4 Conclusions
Glossary
References
Chapter 4 Demand‐Side Management and Demand Response
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Demand Response vs. Demand‐Side Management
4.3 The Need for Demand Response/Demand‐Side Management
4.4 DSM Strategies
4.4.1 Energy Efficiency/Energy Conservation
4.4.2 Peak Demand Clipping
4.4.3 Demand Valley Filling
4.4.4 Load Shifting
4.4.5 Flexible Load Shaping
4.4.6 Strategic Load Growth
4.5 Demand Response Programs
4.5.1 Types of Loads: Elastic vs. Non‐elastic
4.5.2 General Approaches to Demand Response
4.5.3 Smart Pricing Models for DR
4.6 Smallest Communication Subsystem Enabling DSM: HAN
4.6.1 General Structure
4.6.2 Enabling Communication Technologies
4.7 Smart Metering
4.7.1 Smart Meters vs. Conventional Meters
4.7.2 What Should Consumers Know About the Advanced Metering Infrastructure
4.8 Energy Usage Patterns of Households
4.9 Energy Consumption Scheduling
4.10 Demand Response Options for Appliances
4.11 Bidirectional Effects of Demand Response
4.11.1 Value of Demand Response for Balancing Renewable Energy Generation
4.11.2 Value of Demand Response for Reducing Household Energy Expenses
4.12 Consumer Objections and Wishes Related to Smart Appliances and Demand Response
4.13 Costs and Benefits of Demand‐Side Management
References
Chapter 5 Standardizing Demand‐Side Management: The OpenADR Standard and Complementary Protocols
5.1 History and Creation of OpenADR
5.2 Re‐development of OpenADR 2.0
5.3 How OpenADR Works
5.3.1 Event Service (EiEvent)
5.3.2 Opt Service (EiOpt)
5.3.3 Report Service (EiReport)
5.3.4 Registration Service (EiRegister)
5.4 Cybersecurity
5.5 Other Standards and Their Interaction with OpenADR and Energy Smart Appliances
5.6 Energy Market Aspects for Appliances
5.7 Typical DR and DSM Use Cases
References
Chapter 6 Energy Smart Appliances
6.1 Energy Smart Appliances
6.2 Which Appliances?
6.3 Smart Energy Controller
6.4 Large Home Appliances
6.4.1 Dishwashers
6.4.2 Dryers
6.4.3 Grills and Smokers
6.4.4 HVAC
6.4.5 Microwaves
6.4.6 Refrigerators and Freezers
6.4.7 Stoves, Ovens, and Cooktops
6.4.8 Washing Machines
6.4.9 Water Heaters
6.5 Small Appliances
6.5.1 Coffee Machines, Blenders, Faucets, Food Processors, Mixers, and Toasters
6.5.2 Robotic Lawn Mowers and Electric Tools
6.6 Monitoring
6.6.1 Energy Monitors, Haptics Sensors, Weather Sensors, and Others
6.7 Health, Comfort, and Care
6.7.1 Air Purifiers, Humidifiers, Health Monitors, Sleep Sensors, and Tracking Devices
6.7.2 Cat Litter Robots, Pet Feeders, and Other Pet‐Related Connected Devices
6.7.3 Hair Dryers, Brushes, and Straighteners
6.7.4 Treadmills, Indoor Exercise Bike, and Other Fitness Equipment
6.7.5 Water Filtration Systems
6.8 House Automation
6.8.1 Blinds & Shades and Light Bulbs
6.8.2 Garage Door Opener
6.8.3 Sprinklers, Gardening Sensors, and Accent Lighting
6.8.4 Smart Power Strips and Smart Power Switches
6.8.5 Presence, Proximity, and Movement Sensors
6.8.6 Thermostats and Temperature Sensors
6.8.7 Vacuum Cleaners, Vacuum Robots, Mop Robots, and Power Tools
6.9 Non‐appliances
6.9.1 Electric Cars and Motorcycles
6.9.2 Desktop Computers
6.9.3 Modems and Routers
6.9.4 Power Banks, Uninterrupted Power Supplies
6.9.5 Smartphones, Tablet Computers, Smartwatches, and Video Games
6.10 Entertainment
6.10.1 Aquariums
6.10.2 Audio Systems
6.10.3 Televisions and Streaming Receivers (Cast Feature)
6.10.4 Virtual Assistants (Multiple Forms)
6.10.5 Virtual Reality Goggles and Other Gadgets
6.11 Security
6.11.1 Alarms, Cameras, Door Locks, and Doorbell Cameras
6.12 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 The ETSI SAREF Ontology for Smart Applications: A Long Path of Development and Evolution
7.1 Introduction
7.2 IoT Ontologies for Semantic Interoperability
7.3 The SAREF Initiative
7.4 Specification and Design of the SAREF Ontology
7.4.1 A Modular and Versioned Suite of Ontologies
7.4.2 Methodology
7.4.3 Version Control and Editing Workflow
7.4.4 Automatization of Requirements and Quality Checks
7.4.5 Continuous Integration and Deployment
7.5 Overview of the SAREF Ontology
7.5.1 Device
7.5.2 Feature of Interest and Property
7.5.3 Measurement
7.5.4 Service, Function, Command, and State
7.6 The SAREF Ontology in the Smart Home Environment
7.6.1 Energy
7.6.2 Water
7.6.3 Building
7.6.4 City
7.6.5 Systems
7.7 The SAREF Ontology in Use
7.8 Lessons Learnt
7.8.1 Specification of Ontology Requirements
7.8.2 Stakeholder's Workshops
7.8.3 Tool Support
7.8.4 Ontology Modularization
7.8.5 Ontology Patterns
7.9 Conclusions and Future Work
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 8 Scheduling of Residential Shiftable Smart Appliances by Metaheuristic Approaches
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Demand Response Programs in Demand‐Side Management
8.3 Time‐Shiftable and Smart Appliances in Residences
8.4 Smart Metaheuristic Algorithms
8.4.1 BAT Algorithm
8.4.2 Firefly Algorithm (FFA)
8.4.3 Cuckoo Search Algorithm
8.4.4 SOS Algorithm
8.5 Scheduling of Time‐Shiftable Appliances by Smart Metaheuristic Algorithms
References
Chapter 9 Distributed Operation of an Electric Vehicle Fleet in a Residential Area
9.1 Introduction
9.2 EV Charging Stations
9.3 EV Services
9.3.1 Ancillary Services
9.3.2 Domestic Services
9.4 Dispatching Strategies for EVs
9.4.1 Classification of EV Dispatching Strategies
9.5 Proposed Distributed EV Dispatching Strategy
9.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 10 Electric Vehicles as Smart Appliances for Residential Energy Management
10.1 Introduction
10.2 EV Charging Standards and Charging Protocols
10.2.1 EV Charging Standards
10.2.1.1 IEC 61851
10.2.1.2 SAE J1772
10.2.1.3 GB/T 20234
10.2.2 Charging Protocols for EV Charging
10.2.2.1 Type 1 AC Charger
10.2.2.2 Type 2 AC Charger
10.2.2.3 CHArge de MOve (CHAdeMO) Protocol
10.2.2.4 Combined Charging System (CCS)
10.2.2.5 Tesla Charging Protocol
10.3 Communication Protocols Used in EV Ecosystem
10.3.1 Open Charge Point Protocol
10.3.2 Open Automated Demand Response (OpenADR)
10.3.3 Open Smart Charging Protocol (OSCP)
10.3.4 IEEE 2030.5
10.3.5 ISO/IEC 15118
10.4 Residential EV Charging Infrastructure
10.4.1 Prerequisites to Installation of EV Charge Point
10.4.2 EV Charger Connection Requirements and Recommendations
10.4.2.1 United Kingdom
10.4.2.2 The Netherlands
10.4.2.3 Germany
10.5 Impacts of EV Charging
10.5.1 Impact on Electricity Distribution Network
10.5.1.1 Voltage Issues
10.5.1.2 Increase in Peak Load
10.5.1.3 Congestion
10.5.1.4 Losses
10.6 Smart Charging for Home Charging
10.6.1 Type of Smart Charging
10.6.2 Requirements for Smart Charging
10.6.3 Additional Smart Charging Enablers
10.7 Residential Smart Energy Management
10.7.1 Unidirectional Smart Charging
10.7.2 Vehicle‐to‐Home/Building
10.7.3 Vehicle‐to‐Grid (V2G)
10.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Induction Heating Appliances: Toward More Sustainable and Smart Home Appliances
11.1 Introduction to Induction Heating
11.1.1 Induction Heating Fundamentals
11.1.2 Induction Heating History
11.2 Domestic Induction Heating Technology
11.2.1 Power Electronics
11.2.2 Electromagnetic Design
11.2.3 Digital Control
11.2.4 Efficiency
11.3 Advanced Features and Connectivity
11.3.1 High‐Performance Power Electronics
11.3.2 Advanced Control
11.3.3 Flexible Cooking Surfaces
11.3.4 Connectivity
11.4 Conclusion and Future Challenges
References
Index
EULA