Energy of the Russian Arctic: Ideals and Realities

Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction: Energy of the Russian Arctic. Quo Vadis?
References
Part I Governing Energy Projects in the Russian Arctic
2 International Legal Framework of Arctic Exploration
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Literature Review
2.3 Strategic Context
2.4 Legal Regimes and Regulation
2.5 Overview of the International Legal Framework
2.6 Conclusions
References
3 Russia’s Chairmanship in the Arctic Council: In Search of Balance?
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Organizational Features of the AC
3.3 Russia’s Cooperation as a Member of the AC with Non-Arctic Countries
3.4 Conclusions
References
Part II Energy Economics of the Russian Arctic
4 Energy Complex of Russian Arctic
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Energy of the Russian Arctic: Main Dimensions
4.3 Conclusions
References
5 New Trends in the Development of Energy Fields in the Russian Arctic
5.1 Introduction: The Novelty of the Situation
5.2 The Novoportovskoye Field as a Vivid Example of How the New Maritime Logistics of Arctic Projects Brings Soviet-Era Projects Out of Oblivion
5.3 Spatial Effects in New Energy Projects of Corporate Development of the Russian Arctic
5.3.1 The Effect of Spatial Localization—Platforms and Development Islands: Prirazlomnaya, Yamal LNG, Arctic LNG-2
5.3.2 District Effect: From the Vankor Development Project to the Vostok Oil Megaproject
5.3.3 Intercorporate Effect: Development of the Messoyakha Deposits and Other Projects
5.4 Bovanenkovskoye as a Greenfield-Brownfield Energy Project with Onshore Logistics
5.5 Syradasay Coking Coal Deposit as the Largest Non-oil and Gas Energy Project in the Russian Arctic
5.6 Minimizing the Carbon Footprint
5.7 Conclusions
References
6 Rethinking Russia’s Energy Policy in the Arctic
6.1 Introduction
6.2 General Characteristics of the Oil and Gas Potential of the Russia’s Arctic
6.3 Internal Factors of ‘Rethinking’ of Russia’s Energy Policy in the Arctic
6.4 External Factors of the ‘Rethinking’ of Russia’s Energy Policy in the Arctic
6.5 Are There Any Prospects for Alternative Energy in the Russian Arctic?
6.6 Conclusions
References
7 China’s Participation in Energy Cooperation with Russia in the Arctic
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Russia’s Arctic Hydrocarbon Development: Major Foreign Partners and China’s Role
7.3 China’s Interests in the Russian Arctic’s Energy Reserves
7.4 Russia–China Cooperation in LNG Projects in the Arctic
7.5 Conclusions
References
8 Activities of Major Oil and Gas Companies in the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Key Oil and Gas Projects in the AZRF: Great Expectations and Realities
8.3 Features of Cooperation Between Russian and Foreign Oil and Gas Companies in the AZRF
8.4 Social and Environmental Responsibility of Oil and Gas Companies in the AZRF
8.5 Conclusions
References
9 The Exploration of Arctic Energy Resources and the Competitiveness of Big Russian Oil and Gas Companies
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Methodology and Statement of the Research Problem
9.3 Results
9.4 Discussion
9.5 Conclusions
References
10 Expert Systems for Risk Management in the Energy Complex of the Arctic: A Lesson for Russian Oil and Gas Companies
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Methodology
10.2.1 Research at the Level of the Government of the Russian Federation
10.2.2 Research at the Corporate Level
10.3 Literature Review
10.4 Building an Expert System: Research Methods
10.5 Results
10.5.1 The Base of Decisive Rules and Conclusions
10.5.2 Determination of Climate Hard Conditions
10.6 Discussion
10.7 Conclusions
References
Part III Infrastructure for Energy Projects in the Russian Arctic
11 Overview of Practical Experience of Projects’ Implementation in the Arctic
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Construction Execution Plan: Technical Aspects
11.2.1 Weather Hazards
11.2.2 Human Factor
11.2.3 Money, the Irresistible Lure
11.2.4 Enabling Infrastructure, Supply Chain, and Communication Consideration
11.2.5 Integrity Management of Structures—The Permafrost Hazard
11.2.6 Winter Breakup Hazard
11.3 Russian Regulations, Approvals, and Standardization: Brief Overview
11.4 Environmental Preservation
11.4.1 The Critters of the Arctic
11.4.2 Oil Spill Prevention and Recovery
11.4.3 Removal and Restoration Plans
11.4.4 Waste Management
11.4.5 Operations Integrity Management System (OIMS)
11.5 Conclusions
Appendix 1: Pipeline Route Recon and Ground Truthing Guideline Used on Russian and USA Mega Projects
Guidelines for Field Personnel
Collecting Data for Construction Feasibility Studies or Pipeline Construction Estimates and Ground Truthing
Appendix 2: Outline for Notes on Field Observation for Pipeline Construction Estimates
Route Surface Condition Classifications
Ground Cover Classifications
Soil Condition Classifications (Trench)
Special Classification Conditions
General Information
Other Estimating Data to Be Documented on Field Trips
References
12 The Northern Sea Route as a New Global Route for Energy Resource Transportation: Problems and Prospects
12.1 Introduction
12.2 The Northern Sea Route as the Key Element of the Development of Energy Resources in the Russian Arctic
12.3 Soviet Policy in the Arctic: The Early Stages of Energy Resource Development in the Russian Arctic
12.4 Russia’s Arctic Policy: The Development of Energy Resources in the Russian Arctic
12.5 Conclusions
References
13 The Advantages of the Northern Sea Route as an Energy Transport Artery and Its Environment
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Russia’s and China’s Energy Interests in the Arctic as a New Geopolitical Area
13.3 Northern Sea Route and Its Potential as a Transport Energy Artery in the Future
13.4 Application of Bimatrix Games in the Northern Sea Route Energy Conflict
13.5 Conclusions
References
14 Global Climate Changes and Their Importance for the Building of Northern Sea Route and the Future of Energy Sector
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Literature Review
14.3 Global Climate Changes: Consequences on Region’s Energy Complex
14.4 Arctic Northern Sea Route in the Context of the Global Climate Changes and Future of Energy Resources
14.5 Conclusions
References
15 Northern Sea Route and the New Energy Agenda
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Materials and Methods
15.3 Results
15.3.1 The History of the Development of the Northern Sea Route and Energy Industry
15.3.2 Modern Problems of the Development of the Northern Sea Route for Energy Industry
15.3.3 State Regulation of the Development of the Northern Sea Route and Energy Infrastructure: The System of Normative Legal Acts and Meaningful Analysis
15.4 Discussion
15.5 Conclusions
References
16 Energy Development of the Russian Arctic Within the Framework of the Belt and Road Initiative and Greater Eurasia: A View from China and India
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Review of Scientific and Practical Approaches
16.3 Results and Discussion
16.3.1 Weaknesses of the Arctic Transport and Transit System of Russia and Its Main Transport Artery—the NSR
16.3.2 Development of the TTS of the Russian Segment of the Arctic and Implementation of Energy Projects in the Far North of Russia: India’s Position and Participation
16.3.3 The Development of Land Communications in the Arctic Is the Most Effective Way to Increase Russia’s Transport and Transit Potential and Infrastructure Support for Implementing Energy Projects
16.4 Conclusions
References
17 Rethinking Year-Round Navigation via the Northern Sea Route
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Methodology
17.3 Results
17.3.1 General Cargo Shipment Conditions
17.3.2 Navigation Support Infrastructure Services in NSR Waters
17.3.2.1 Providing Communication Services to Support Navigation Along the Northern Sea Route
17.3.2.2 Navigation Equipment to Support Shipping in the Northern Sea Route Waters
17.3.2.3 Search and Rescue Systems
17.4 Conclusions
References
18 Revisiting the Prospects of a Multihull Icebreaker for Year-Round Navigation via the Northern Sea Route
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Methodology
18.3 Results
18.4 Conclusions / Recommendations
References
19 Managing the Ice Situation When Ensuring the Safety of Oil Platforms in the Arctic Zone of Russia
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Methodology
19.3 Results
19.4 Conclusions/Recommendations
References
20 Specifics of LNG Shipments via the Northern Sea Route
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Hydrography, Icebreakers, and Permits to Sail via the NSR
20.3 LNG Carriers for the NSR
20.4 Boiled-Off Gas: Accounting and Disposal Specifics
20.5 Specifics of LNG Sales Contracts: Why DES and DEQ?
20.6 Conclusions
References
Part IV Greener Perspective for Energy of the Russian Arctic
21 Renewable Energy in the Russian Arctic: Energy Transition and Opportunities in the Context of Post-pandemic Realities
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Pandemic Lessons and Changing Trends
21.3 Ringing the Arctic “Warming” Bell
21.4 Adapting to New Realities
21.5 RES in Russia—A Path to Sustainability and New Opportunities
21.6 Conclusions
References
22 Climatic Risks of Hydrocarbon Production in the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Methodology
22.3 Results
22.4 Conclusions
References
23 Territorialisation, Urbanisation, and Economic Development in the Russian Arctic: Energy Issues
23.1 Introduction
23.2 The Exploitation of Natural Resources: The Main Driver of the Arctic Territorial Development
23.3 Urbanisation, Hydrocarbon Exploitation Areas, and the Emergence of Territorial Structures
23.4 Energy Security and Economic Development
23.5 The Paradigm of Autonomous Cities
23.6 The Example of the Wind Farm Experiment in Tiksi
23.7 Conclusions
References
24 Nuclear and Hydrogen Prospects for the Russian Arctic
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Literature Review
24.2.1 Nuclear Energy and Hydrogen in the New Climate Agenda
24.3 Nuclear Energy in the Arctic: Russia’s Large-Scale Plans
24.3.1 Hydrogen: An Emerging Industry with Long-Term Perspective
24.4 Conclusions
References
Part V Regional Framework for the Exploration of Russian Arctic
25 Norwegian Oil Industry Model: Potential for Norwegian-Russian Cooperation in the Arctic
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Literature Review
25.3 Results
25.3.1 History of the Petroleum Industry in Norway
25.3.2 The Role of the Norwegian State in the Management of the Oil Industry
25.3.2.1 State Oil Companies
25.3.2.2 State Pension Fund
25.3.3 History of Relations Between Russia and Norway
25.3.4 Cooperation Between Russia and Norway in the High North: Assumptions Versus Reality
25.3.5 Research Cooperation Between Russia and Norway
25.3.6 Climate Change and the Transition to a Green Economy
25.4 Conclusions
References
Index