Energy Harvesting Autonomous Sensor Systems: Design, Analysis, and Practical Implementation

Energy Harvesting Autonomous Sensor Systems: Design, Analysis, and Practical Implementation......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
Preface: What This Book Is About......Page 10
1.1 Motivation of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)......Page 14
1.1.1 Architecture of WSNs......Page 17
1.1.2 Applications of WSNs......Page 22
1.1.3 Wireless Sensor Nodes of WSNs......Page 23
1.2.1 High Power Consumption of Sensor Nodes......Page 26
1.2.2 Limitation of Energy Sources for Sensor Nodes......Page 28
1.3 Energy Harvesting Solution for Wireless Sensor Nodes......Page 31
1.3.1 Overview of Energy Harvesting......Page 32
1.3.2 Energy Harvesting System......Page 35
1.3.3.1 Solar Energy Harvesting System......Page 36
1.3.3.2 Thermal Energy Harvesting System......Page 38
1.3.3.3 Vibration Energy Harvesting System......Page 40
1.3.3.4 Wind Energy Harvesting System......Page 42
1.4 Contribution of This Book......Page 44
1.5 Organization of the Book......Page 46
1.6 Summary......Page 48
2 Wind Energy Harvesting System......Page 50
2.1 Direct Wind Energy Harvesting (WEH) Approach Using a Wind Turbine Generator......Page 51
2.1.1 Wind Turbine Generators......Page 52
2.1.2 Design of an Efficient Power Management Circuit......Page 54
2.1.2.1 Active AC-DC Converter......Page 55
2.1.2.2 Boost Converter with Resistor Emulation-Based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)......Page 60
2.1.2.3 Energy Storage......Page 67
2.1.2.4 Wireless Sensor Nodes......Page 69
2.1.3.1 Performance of WEH System with an MPPT Scheme......Page 70
2.1.3.2 Power Conversion Efficiency of the WEH System......Page 75
2.1.4 Summary......Page 76
2.2.1 Vibration-Based Piezoelectric Wind Energy Harvester......Page 77
2.2.1.1 Aerodynamic Theory......Page 78
2.2.1.2 Cantilever Beam Theory......Page 81
2.2.1.3 Piezoelectric Theory......Page 87
2.2.2 Characteristics and Performances of a Piezoelectric Wind Energy Harvester......Page 89
2.2.3 Power Processing Units......Page 93
2.2.4 Experimental Results......Page 96
2.2.5 Summary......Page 99
3 Thermal Energy Harvesting System......Page 102
3.1 Thermal Energy Harvester......Page 103
3.1.2 Analysis of the Thermal Energy Harvester......Page 104
3.1.2.1 Thermal Analysis......Page 105
3.1.2.2 Electrical Analysis......Page 106
3.1.3 Characterisation of a Thermal Energy Harvester......Page 107
3.2 Resistor Emulation-Based Maximum Power Point Tracker......Page 108
3.3.1 Buck Converter with Resistor Emulation-Based Maximum Power Point Tracking......Page 114
3.3.2 Energy Storage......Page 115
3.3.3 Regulating a Buck Converter and Wireless Sensor Node......Page 116
3.4 Experimental Results......Page 117
3.5 Summary......Page 120
4 Vibration Energy Harvesting System......Page 122
4.1 Impact-Based Vibration Energy Harvesting (VEH) Using a Piezoelectric Push-Button Igniter......Page 124
4.1.1 Piezoelectric Push Button......Page 125
4.1.2 Energy Storage and the Power Processing Unit......Page 129
4.1.3 Experimental Results......Page 131
4.2 Impact-Based VEH Using Prestressed Piezoelectric Diaphragm Material......Page 135
4.2.1 Description of Prestressed Piezoelectric Diaphragm Material......Page 137
4.2.2 Characteristics and Performance of THUNDER Lead-Zirconate-Titanate Unimorph......Page 139
4.2.3 Power Management Circuit......Page 143
4.2.4 Experimental Results......Page 145
4.2.5 Summary......Page 148
5 Hybrid Energy Harvesting System......Page 150
5.1 Solar Energy Harvesting (SEH) System......Page 152
5.2 Composite Solar, Wind (S+W) Energy Sources......Page 155
5.2.1 Wind Energy Harvesting Subsystem......Page 156
5.2.2.1 Characterization of a Solar Panel......Page 157
5.2.2.2 Boost Converter with Constant-Voltage-Based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)......Page 159
5.2.2.3 Performance of SEH Subsystem......Page 162
5.2.3 Hybrid Solar and Wind Energy Harvesting System......Page 163
5.2.4.1 Performance of the Hybrid Energy Harvesting (HEH) System......Page 165
5.2.4.2 Power Conversion Efficiency of the HEH System......Page 169
5.3 Composite Solar, Thermal (S+T) Energy Sources......Page 171
5.3.1 Overview of Indoor Energy Sources......Page 172
5.3.2 Indoor SEH Subsystem......Page 174
5.3.3 Thermal Energy Harvesting Subsystem......Page 176
5.3.4.1 Characteristics of a Solar Panel and Thermal Energy Harvester Connected in Parallel......Page 179
5.3.4.2 Design and Implementation of an Ultralow-Power Management Circuit......Page 185
5.3.5.1 Performance of a Parallel HEH Configuration......Page 188
5.3.5.2 Power Conversion Efficiency of the HEH System......Page 189
5.3.5.3 Performance of the Designed HEH System for an Indoor Wireless Sensor Node......Page 191
5.3.6 Summary......Page 193
6 Electrical Power Transfer with "No Wires"......Page 194
6.1 Inductively Coupled Power Transfer from Power Lines......Page 195
6.1.1 Magnetic Energy Harvester......Page 196
6.1.1.1 Performance of the Magnetic Energy Harvester......Page 199
6.1.2 Power Management Circuit......Page 200
6.1.3 Experimental Results......Page 203
6.2 Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances......Page 207
6.2.1 Concept Principles of WPT with Magnetic Resonance......Page 209
6.2.2.1 Simulation of Efficiency versus Frequency......Page 213
6.2.2.2 Simulation of Efficiency versus Coil Radius......Page 214
6.2.2.4 Simulation of Efficiency versus Distance......Page 215
6.2.3 Characteristics of the WPT System......Page 216
6.2.3.2 Experimental Efficiency versus Distance......Page 217
6.2.3.3 Experimental Efficiency versus Load......Page 218
6.2.4.1 WPT System Powering Electrical Load(s)......Page 219
6.2.4.2 Network of WPT Resonator Coils......Page 222
6.2.5 Summary......Page 224
7.1 Conclusions......Page 226
7.2 Future ResearchWorks......Page 227
References......Page 230
Index......Page 242