Residential buildings consume about a quarter of all energy (including electrical and thermal) in industrialized countries and emit around 20% of the carbon emissions there. Older and outdated heating and cooling technology causes high energy demand and, depending on building type, secondary causes can include ventilation and lighting. Technology is available to mitigate high energy consumption, and to enable the use of renewable or environmentally friendly energy, partly generated locally.
This book, written by international experts from academia as well as industry, compiles and describes several key technologies available to reduce a residential building's energy consumption. Key themes include local energy generation, such as the use of sunlight to reduce heating needs, and photovoltaics for electricity. Case studies are included in most chapters to provide real-world context for the technologies described.
Author(s): David S-K. Ting, Rupp Carriveau
Series: IET Energy Engineering Series, 155
Publisher: The Institution of Engineering and Technology
Year: 2019
Language: English
Pages: 284
City: London
Cover
Contents
About the editors
1 Introduction and motivation
References
2 Clean energy generation in residential green buildings
2.1 Introduction to residential green buildings
2.2 Certification systems for sustainability ratings of residential green buildings
2.2.1 Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method
2.2.2 Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) system
2.2.3 ITACA system
2.2.4 Comprehensive Assessment System for Built Environment Efficiency
2.3 Case studies related to certification systems and their comparison
2.4 Green buildings incentives
2.4.1 External incentives
2.4.1.1 Financial incentives
2.4.1.2 Non-financial incentives
2.4.2 Internal incentives
2.4.2.1 Human well-being-related incentives
2.4.2.2 Market-demand-related incentives
2.4.2.3 Human self-motivation sourced incentives
2.4.3 Concluding remarks
2.5 Energy demand modelling for residential green buildings
2.5.1 Classification of modelling approaches
2.5.1.1 Physical approaches
2.5.1.2 Statistical approaches
2.5.1.3 Hybrid methods
2.5.2 Case study about building energy-consumption determination
2.6 Clean energy generation in residential green buildings
2.6.1 Evaluation of building towards clean energy generation
2.6.2 Classification of clean energy generation systems
2.6.2.1 Active systems
2.6.2.2 Passive systems
2.7 Conclusion
References
3 Performance monitoring of a 60 kW photovoltaic array in Alberta
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Description of the PV system
3.3 Weather monitoring
3.4 Electricity production modeling
3.5 Malfunctions and performance issues
3.6 Effect of weather on performance
3.7 Simulation of system performance with actual irradiance
3.8 Conclusions
References
4 Environmental and economic evaluation of PV solar system for remote communities using building information modeling: A case study
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Literature review
4.3 Methodology and case study
4.4 Results
4.5 Discussion and conclusions
Appendix A
References
5 Solar energy generation technology for small homes
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Solar thermal power plant
5.2 Power generation technology—An overview
5.2.1 Classification of concentrating solar power collector systems
5.2.1.1 Cylindrical parabolic trough type collector
5.2.1.2 Linear Fresnel collector
5.2.1.3 Central receiver collector or solar tower
5.2.1.4 Parabolic dish collector
5.2.2 Concentrating solar power (CSP) technology comparison
5.2.3 Advantages of CSP technologies
5.2.4 Classification of concentrating solar power receiver systems
5.3 Thermal energy storage
5.3.1 Types of energy storage
5.3.1.1 Sensible energy storage
5.3.1.2 Latent heat storage
5.3.1.3 Thermochemical energy storage
5.3.1.4 Advantages of thermal energy storage in the case of CSP generation
5.4 Solar-powered heat engines
5.4.1 Stirling engine
5.4.1.1 Working/operation
5.4.1.2 Advantages of Stirling engine
5.4.1.3 Types of Stirling engine
5.4.2 Solar-Rankine cycle
5.4.3 Solar-Brayton cycle
5.5 Integration of solar to thermal power with the conventional generating unit
5.5.1 Low renewable energy hybrid technologies
5.5.1.1 Solar-Brayton cycles
5.5.1.2 Solar-assisted coal power units
5.5.1.3 Integrated solar combined cycles (ISCC)
5.5.2 Medium-renewable hybrids
5.5.3 High renewable hybrid technologies
5.5.3.1 Concentrating solar power-biogas
5.5.3.2 Concentrating solar power-geothermal
5.5.3.3 Concentrating solar power-wind
5.5.4 Advantages of hybridization of solar power systems with other technologies
5.6 Concluding remarks
5.6.1 Ways to improve the efficiency of solar-based power plant/efficiency improvement
5.6.2 Challenges/limitations of concentrating power technology in remote as well as desert regions
5.7 Summary
References
6 Numerical analysis of phase change materials for use in energy-efficient buildings
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Motivation
6.1.2 Background
6.1.3 Prior work
6.2 Analysis of latent heat TES
6.2.1 Case 1 (Cartesian coordinates—analytical vs. numerical)
6.2.2 Case 2 (cylindrical coordinates—analytical vs. numerical—constant heat extraction freezing)
6.2.3 Case 3 (cylindrical coordinates—approximate vs. numerical—constant temperature freezing)
6.2.4 Case 4 (Cartesian and cylindrical coordinates—ambient—change in slope)
6.2.5 Case 5 (Cylindrical coordinates—2D—Gravity)
6.3 Energy-efficient buildings: An application of latent heat TES
6.3.1 Validation of COMSOL simulations for a simple brick wall
6.3.2 Numerical model for thermal analysis of PCM in brick walls
6.3.3 Numerical model for thermal analysis of PCM in brick walls (considering gravitational/buoyancy effects)
6.3.4 Numerical model for thermal analysis of PCM in brick walls (with more realistic boundary conditions)
6.4 Conclusion
6.5 Future scope
References
7 Insulation materials
7.1 Introduction to insulation materials in green buildings
7.2 Evolution of insulation materials
7.2.1 Historical development of insulation materials in green building concept
7.2.2 Research and development efforts
7.3 Categorization of insulation materials
7.3.1 Natural insulation materials
7.3.1.1 Sheep's wool
7.3.1.2 Flax and hemp
7.3.1.3 Cellulose
7.3.1.4 Cotton
7.3.1.5 Straw
7.3.1.6 Wood fibre
7.3.1.7 Expanded clay aggregate
7.3.2 Synthetic insulation materials
7.3.2.1 Polystyrene insulation materials
7.3.2.2 Polyurethane insulation materials
7.3.2.3 Polyisocyanurate insulation materials
7.3.2.4 Vermiculite and perlite insulation materials
7.3.2.5 Urea-formaldehyde (UF) foam insulation materials
7.3.3 Novel insulation materials
7.3.3.1 The vacuum insulation panels (VIPs)
7.3.3.2 Gas-filled panels
7.3.3.3 Aerogels
7.3.3.4 Dynamic insulation materials
7.4 Characterization, application and selection methodology of insulation materials for green buildings
7.4.1 Characterization of insulation materials: optimal insulation level concept
7.4.1.1 Thermal conductivity
7.4.1.2 Thermal resistance
7.4.1.3 Overall heat transfer coefficient (U)
7.4.2 Application of insulation materials
7.4.2.1 Walls
7.4.2.2 Roofs
7.4.2.3 Foundations and floors
7.4.3 Selection criteria for insulation material
7.4.3.1 Thermal performance
7.4.3.2 Cost
7.4.3.3 Ease of construction
7.4.3.4 Building standards requirements
7.4.3.5 Durability
7.4.3.6 Air tightness
7.5 Insulation materials in green residential buildings
7.5.1 Standards and certificates for insulation materials used in green buildings
7.5.1.1 Product characteristics
7.5.1.2 Material requirements
References
8 Latent relationships between construction cost and energy efficiency in multifamily green buildings
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Literature review
8.2.1 Green design and construction
8.2.2 Residential certifications and rating systems
8.2.3 Certifying residential buildings
8.3 Sustainable development trends
8.4 Construction costs, green premiums, and paybacks
8.5 Methodology
8.5.1 Variables
8.5.2 Data
8.5.3 Data analysis
8.5.4 Findings
8.6 Energy use and development costs
8.7 Model 1: Cost information only
8.7.1 Algorithm comparison
8.7.2 Feature selection
8.8 Model 2: Basic and cost information
8.8.1 Algorithm comparison
8.8.2 Feature selection
8.9 Model 3: Basic, cost, and technical information
8.9.1 Algorithm comparison
8.9.2 Feature selection
8.10 Conclusions
References
9 Secondary battery technologies: a static potential for power
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Principles of operation
9.2.1 Lead–acid
9.2.2 Alkaline
9.2.3 Metal–air
9.2.4 High temperature
9.2.5 Lithium-ion
9.3 Battery market and public concerns
9.4 Recycling of batteries
9.5 Conclusion
References
10 A critical review with solar radiation analysis model on inclined and horizontal surfaces
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Climate, solar energy potential and electric production in Gaziantep and Şanlıurfa
10.2 Solar radiation intensity calculation
10.2.1 Horizontal surface
10.2.1.1 Daily total solar radiation
10.2.1.2 Daily diffuse solar radiation
10.2.1.3 Momentary total solar radiation
10.2.1.4 Momentary diffuse and direct solar radiation
10.2.2 Calculating solar radiation intensity on inclined surface
10.2.2.1 Momentary direct solar radiation
10.2.2.2 Momentary diffuse solar radiation
10.2.2.3 Reflecting momentary solar radiation
10.2.2.4 Total momentary solar radiation
10.3 Methodology
10.4
Findings and Results
10.5 Conclusions
References
11 Nature-based building solutions: circular utilization of photosynthetic organisms
11.1 Nature-based solutions
11.2 Nature-based building systems
11.2.1 Green roofs
11.2.2 Green walls
11.2.3 Photobioreactors
11.2.4 Aquaponics
11.3 Algaponic proposal
11.3.1 Green roof and water storage
11.3.2 Photobioreactor
11.3.3 Fish tank
11.3.4 Plant beds
11.3.5 Other elements of the system
11.4 Impact evaluation
11.4.1 Contribution of nature-based solutions to climate resilience
11.4.2 Water management
11.4.3 Green space management
11.4.4 Air/ambient quality
11.4.5 Urban regeneration
11.4.6 Participatory planning and governance
11.4.7 Social justice and social cohesion
11.4.8 Public health and well-being
11.4.9 Potential for new economic opportunities and green jobs
11.5 Conclusions
References
Index
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