Conversion of waste into value-added products such as energy transforms a potential environmental problem into a sustainable solution. Energy from Waste: Production and Storage focuses on the conversion of waste from various sources for use in energy production and storage applications. It provides the state-of-the-art in developing advanced materials and chemicals for energy applications using wastes and discusses the various treatment processes and technologies.
- Covers synthesis of usable materials from various types of waste and their application in energy production and storage
- Presents an overview and applications of wastes for green energy production and storage
- Provides fundamentals of electrochemical behavior and understanding of energy devices such as fuel cells, batteries, supercapacitors, and solar cells
- Elaborates on advanced technologies used to convert waste into green biochemical energy
This work provides new direction to scientists, researchers, and students in materials and chemical engineering and related subjects seeking to sustainable solutions to energy production and waste management.
Author(s): Ram K. Gupta, Tuan Anh Nguyen
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 497
City: Boca Raton
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Editors
List of Contributors
PART 1 Introduction
Chapter 1 Biowastes for Energy: An Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Source and Significance of Biowastes
1.2.1 Biowastes from Forest and Wood Processing Industries
1.2.2 Biowaste from Food Processing
1.2.3 Biowaste from the Paper Industry
1.2.4 Biowaste from Municipal Solid
1.2.5 Animal Waste
1.3 Pretreatment of Biowaste
1.3.1 Pretreatment of Animal Fat Waste
1.3.2 Lignocellulosic Waste Pretreatment
1.3.3 Pretreatment of Waste Cooking Oil
1.3.4 Removal of Inhibitory Compounds and Salts
1.4 Biowaste to Bioenergy
1.4.1 Biodiesel from Biowaste
1.4.2 Biogas from Biowaste
1.4.3 Bioelectricity from Biowaste
1.4.4 Bioalcohol from Biowaste
1.4.5 Electrochemical Energy from Biowastes
1.5 Conclusions
References
PART 2 Municipal Waste for Energy
Chapter 2 Operational Tools and Techniques for Municipal Solid Waste Management
2.1 Introduction
2.2 An Overview of Available Tools and Techniques for MSW Management
2.2.1 Source Reduction
2.2.2 Reuse and Recycling
2.2.3 Landfilling
2.2.4 Composting
2.2.5 Gasification
2.2.6 Incineration
2.2.7 Pyrolysis
2.2.8 Anaerobic Digestion
2.3 Experiences from Selected Innovative Approaches
2.3.1 Australia’s Waste and Resource Recovery Infrastructure
2.3.2 Waste-to-Energy Facility in Singapore
2.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3 Municipal Waste for Energy Production
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Techniques of Generating Energy from MSW
3.3 Improved and Emerging Technologies of MSW-to-Energy
3.4 Good Practices and Potential of MSW-to-Energy
3.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4 A Brief History of Energy Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste
4.1 Introduction
4.2 History of MSW Disposal
4.3 Thermal and Biological Energy Conversion Processes
4.4 Waste-to-Energy – Landfilling
4.4.1 Landfill Gas Production
4.4.2 Energy Recovery and Utilization
4.4.3 Limitations and Challenges
4.5 Anaerobic Digestion
4.5.1 Limitations and Challenges
4.6 Incineration
4.6.1 Incineration Process Basics
4.6.2 Process Design and Operation Optimization over Time
4.6.3 Limitations and Challenges
4.7 Gasification and Pyrolysis
4.7.1 Processes Overview
4.7.2 Limitations and Challenges
4.8 Energy Analysis
4.9 Country Economies and MSW Energy Potential
4.10 Future of Energy Recovery from Waste
References
Chapter 5 Materials and Energy from Waste Plastics: A Catalytic Approach
5.1 Pyrolysis–Catalysis of Waste Plastics
5.1.1 Hydrogen Gas Production from Wastage Plastics
5.1.1.1 Reactor Design for Hydrogen-Rich Gas Production from Wastage of Plastics
5.1.1.2 The Effect of Operational Parameters on the Level of Hydrogen Production from Plastic Wastages
5.1.1.3 The Effect of Catalyst Type on the Level of Hydrogen Production from Waste Plastics
5.1.1.4 The Effect of Catalyst Temperature on Hydrogen Production from Waste Plastics
5.1.2 Carbon Nanotubes Production from Waste Plastics
5.1.2.1 The Effect of Operational Parameters on the Production of Carbon Nanotubes from Waste Plastics
5.2 Nanocatalysts in Water Treatment
5.2.1 Zero-valent Iron Nanoparticles as Catalysts
5.2.2 Titanium Dioxide as Catalysts
5.2.3 Nanostructured Iron Oxide as Catalysts
5.2.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles as Catalysts
5.2.5 Other Nanomaterials as Catalysts
5.3 Biocatalysts for Converting Keratin Waste
5.4 Catalysts for Biofuels Production from Waste Biomass
References
Chapter 6 Elucidating Sustainable Waste Management Approaches along with Waste-to-Energy Pathways: A Critical Review
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Wastes and Their Types
6.2.1 Agricultural Waste
6.2.2 Domestic Waste
6.2.3 Industrial Waste
6.2.4 Biomedical Waste
6.2.4.1 The Risks Associated with Biomedical Waste
6.2.5 E-Waste
6.2.6 Nuclear Waste
6.3 Sustainable Waste Management Approaches
6.4 Waste-to-Energy Technology
6.4.1 Conventional Methods
6.4.2 Future Trends and Developing Technology
6.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7 Biomass Downdraft Gasifier: State of the Art of Reactor Design
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Downdraft Biomass Gasification Process
7.3 Preliminary Calculation for Designing Downdraft Gasifiers
7.4 Design of Downdraft Gasifier
7.4.1 Imbert-Type Downdraft Gasifier
7.4.2 Stratified Downdraft Gasifier
7.4.3 Modified Downdraft Gasifier Designs
7.4.3.1 Internal Recycling of Pyrolysis Gas
7.4.3.2 Separating Gasifier into Two Stages
7.4.3.3 Supplying More Air Stages
7.4.3.4 Adjusting Throat Diameter
7.4.3.5 Extending Reduction Zone Length
7.5 Status of Downdraft Gasifier Designs
7.5.1 Multi-stage downdraft gasifier by Tarpo
7.5.2 Moving Injection Horizontal Gasification (MIHG)
Technology by Wildfire Energy
7.5.3 GP750 Gasifier Design
7.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 8 Food-Based Waste for Energy
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Current Conversion Technologies for Waste to Energy
8.2.1 Biological Technology
8.2.1.1 Composting
8.2.1.2 Anaerobic Digestion
8.2.1.3 Fermentation
8.2.2 Thermal and Thermochemical Technology
8.2.2.1 Incineration
8.2.2.2 Pyrolysis
8.2.2.3 Gasification
8.2.2.4 Plasma Treatment
8.2.2.5 Hydrothermal Carbonization
8.2.3 Transesterification (Esterification
8.2.4 Bioelectrochemical Systems
8.3 Useful Products from Food Waste
8.3.1 Gaseous-State Products
8.3.1.1 Biogas (Biomethane)
8.3.1.2 Synthetic Gas (Syngas)
8.3.1.3 Biohydrogen
8.3.2 Liquid-state Products
8.3.2.1 Biodiesel
8.3.2.2 Bioethanol
8.3.2.3 Pyrolysis Oil (Bio-Oil)
8.3.3 Solid-State Products
8.3.3.1 Biochar (Hydrochar)
8.3.3.2 Compost
8.4 Conclusions
References
PART 3 Waste for Biochemicals and Bioenergy
Chapter 9 Biowastes for Ethanol Production
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 What Are Biofuels and Biomass?
9.1.2 What Are Biowastes?
9.1.3 Why Bioethanol?
9.1.4 Global Production of Biofuels and Bioethanol
9.2 The Sources of Bioethanol
9.3 Mechanism of Bioethanol Production
9.3.1 Hydrolysis Process
9.3.1.1 First-Generation Hydrolysis
9.3.1.2 Second-Generation Hydrolysis
9.3.2 Detoxification Process
9.3.3 Fermentation Process
9.4 Bioethanol Production Systems
9.4.1 Production Systems Based on First-Generation Feedstocks
9.4.1.1 Sugar-Based Feedstocks
9.4.1.2 Starch-Based Feedstock
9.4.2 P roduction Systems Based on Second-Generation Feedstock
9.4.2.1 Physical Pretreatment
9.4.2.2 Chemical Pretreatment
9.4.2.3 Physiochemical Pretreatment
9.4.2.4 Biological Pretreatment
9.5 Brief Evaluation on the Market of Bioethanol Production from Biowastes
9.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 10 Waste Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Waste Oils
10.2.1 WCO
10.2.2 FOG
10.2.3 PFAD
10.2.4 POME
10.3 Physical and Chemical Properties of Waste Oil
10.3.1 Moisture Content
10.3.2 Acid Number
10.3.3 Saponification Value (SV)
10.4 Production of Biodiesel from Waste Oil
10.5 Biodiesel Properties
10.5.1 Density and Kinematic Viscosity
10.5.2 Flash Point
10.5.3 Cloud Point and Pour Point
10.5.4 Cetane Number
10.6 Engine Performance and Emissions
10.6.1 Engine Performance
10.6.2 Exhaust Emissions
10.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11 Biowaste-Based Microbial Fuel Cells for Bioelectricity Generation
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Principle of MFC
11.3 Factors Affecting the Recovery of Energy from Wastewater in MFC
11.3.1 Microbial Inoculum
11.3.2 Cathode Reaction
11.3.3 Separator and Ion Exchange Membrane
11.3.4 Design and Configuration of the System
11.3.5 Hydraulic Retention Time
11.4 Treatment of Hazardous Pollutants in MFC
11.4.1 Reduction and Recovery of Heavy Metals
11.4.2 Dyes Reduction
11.5 Use of Modified Electrodes for Performance Improvement.
11.6 Large-Scale Implications of MFC in Wastewater Treatment and Electricity Production
11.7 Future Prospective and Conclusions
References
Chapter 12 Biowaste-Based Microbial Fuel Cells
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Different Types of Biowaste Exploited as Substrate
12.2.1 Food or Kitchen Waste
12.2.2 Paper Industry Waste
12.2.3 Lignocellulosic Biomaterials
12.2.4 Animal Waste
12.2.5 Municipal Solid Waste
12.3 Biowaste to Bioenergy Conversion
12.4 Biowaste-Based MFC
12.5 Applications
12.5.1 Bioelectricity Production
12.5.2 Wastewater Treatment
12.5.3 Removal/Recovery of Heavy Metals
12.5.4 Biohydrogen Production
12.5.5 Biosensor Fabrication
12.5.6 Bioremediation
12.6 Challenges and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 13 Recent Development in Microbial Fuel Cells Using Biowaste
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Microbial Fuel Cells
13.2.1 Structural Configurations
13.3 Types of MFCs on the Basis of Commercialization
13.3.1 Low-Cost MFCs
13.3.2 Compost-Based MFCs
13.4 Fundamental Bioelectricity Generation in MFCs
13.5 Progress in the Development of Cost-Effective Electrode Materials for MFCs
13.5.1 Electrode Materials
13.5.2 Anode Materials
13.5.3 Cathode Materials
13.6 Factors Affecting the MFC’s Efficiency
13.6.1 pH Buffer and Electrolyte
13.6.2 Effect of Temperature
13.7 Applications of MFCs
13.7.1 Biobattery
13.7.2 Wastewater Treatment
13.7.3 Remote Biosensors
13.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 14 Waste-Derived Carbon Materials for Hydrogen Storage
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Hydrogen Physical Storage Practices
14.1.2 Carbon-Based Porous Materials for Hydrogen Storage
14.1.3 Carbon Nanostructures Derived from Biomass Waste for Hydrogen Storage
14.2 Mechanism of Hydrogen Adsorption and Storage Using Porous Materials
14.2.1 Molecular Potential
14.2.2 Physical Adsorption Rate
14.2.3 Modeling Equations of Physical Adsorption of Hydrogen on Carbon Porous Materials
14.3 Current Challenges of Hydrogen Storage Using Carbon-Based Materials
14.4 Concepts for Improvement of Hydrogen Adsorption on Nanoporous Adsorbent Materials
14.5 Preparation and Activation of Hierarchal Porous Carbon
14.6 Hydrogen Adsorption Rates of Different Carbon-Based Porous Materials
References
Chapter 15 Organic Waste for Hydrogen Production
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Organic Wastes: Types and Components
15.3 Pretreatments of Organic Wastes
15.3.1 Physical Treatment Methods
15.3.2 Chemical Treatment Methods
15.3.3 Biological Treatment Methods
15.4 Production of Hydrogen from Organic Wastes
15.4.1 Waste-Activated Sludges for Hydrogen Production
15.4.2 Algae Biomasses for Hydrogen Production
15.4.3 Cellulose-Based Biomasses for Hydrogen Production
15.4.4 Starch-Based Biomasses for Hydrogen Production
15.4.5 Food Wastes for Hydrogen Production
15.4.6 Wastewater for Hydrogen Production
15.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 16 Recycling E-Waste for Hydrogen Energy Production and Replacement as Building Construction Materials
16.1 Introduction
16.2 E-Waste Composition
16.3 E-Waste Processing Techniques
16.3.1 Landfill
16.3.2 Thermochemical Combustion Techniques
16.4 Hydrogen Energy Production from E-Wastes
16.4.1 Natural Gas Reforming
16.4.2 Electrolytic Process
16.4.3 Solar-Driven Water Splitting
16.5 E-Waste as an Alternative to the Concrete Mixture for Building Construction
16.5.1 E-Waste in Concrete and Cement Pastes
16.5.2 E-Waste in Bricks
16.6 Conclusions
References
PART 4 Waste for Advanced Energy Devices
Chapter 17 Biowaste-Derived Carbon for Solar Cells
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Brief History
17.3 Synthesis Techniques
17.4 Top-Down Approach
17.5 Bottom-Up Technique
17.6 Top-Down Collective Technique
17.7 Photovoltaics
17.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 18 Biowastes for Metal-Ion Batteries
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Biowaste-Derived Carbons for Alkali-Ion Batteries
18.2.1 Non-doped Carbonaceous Materials
18.2.2 Doped Carbonaceous Materials
18.3 Composites of Biowaste-Derived Carbonaceous Materials for Alkali-Ion Batteries
18.4 Summary and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 19 NaFePO[sub(4)] Regenerated from Failed Commercial Li-Ion Batteries for Na-Ion Battery Applications
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Literature Survey
19.2.1 Brief Note on Recycling Methods
19.2.2 Brief Note on Commercialized Lithium-Ion Batteries
19.2.3 Brief Note on Opportunities and Challenges in Reuse and Recycling
19.2.4 NaFePO[sub(4)] as Cathode for Sodium-Ion Battery
19.3 Regenerating Spent LiFePO[sub(4)] to NaFePO[sub(4)]
19.3.1 Delithiation of Spent LiFePO[sub(4)]
19.3.2 Regeneration of LiFePO[sub(4)] to NaFePO[sub(4)]
19.3.3 Recycling of LiFePO[sub(4)]
19.3.4 Effect of Sodiation Time
19.3.5 Effect of NaI Stoichiometry
19.3.6 Effect of Solvents
19.3.7 Effect of Sodiation Temperature
19.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 20 Polymeric Wastes for Metal-Ion Batteries
20.1 Introduction
20.2 An Overview of Polymer Wastes
20.3 Environmental, Ecosystemic, and Economic Advantages
20.4 Drawbacks of Using Polymer Waste and Ways to Overcome
20.5 Different Treatment Strategies of Polymeric Wastes
20.6 Applications of Treated Polymeric Waste for Metal-Ion Batteries
20.6.1 Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs)
20.6.2 Sodium-Ion Batteries (SIBs)
20.6.3 Potassium-Ion Batteries (PIBs)
20.7 Summary and Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 21 Biowaste-Derived Components for Zn–Air Battery
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Working Principles of Zn–Air Batteries
21.3 Energy Storage Mechanisms for Air Cathodes
21.4 Biowaste-Derived Bifunctional Electrocatalysts
21.4.1 Treatment of Biowaste-Derived Bifunctional Electrocatalysts
21.4.2 Representative Biowaste-Derived Bifunctional Electrocatalysts
21.5 Other Biowaste-Derived Materials for ZABs
21.5.1 Aqueous Binder
21.5.2 Gel Polymer Electrolyte and Separator
21.6 Conclusions and Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 22 Recycling of Wastes Generated in Automobile Metal–Air Batteries
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Architecture of Metal–Air Battery
22.3 Aluminum–Air Battery
22.3.1 Recycling of Aluminum Hydroxide
22.3.2 Hall–Heroult Process
22.3.3 Energy Saving and Carbon Footprint of Aluminum Recycling
22.3.4 Waste Generated in Electrolyte and Air Cathode
22.4 Zinc–Air Battery
22.4.1 Hydrometallurgical Process
22.4.2 Pyrometallurgical Process
22.4.3 Energy Saving and Carbon Footprint of Zinc Recycling
22.4.4 Waste Generated in Electrolyte and Air Cathode
22.5 Magnesium–Air Battery
22.5.1 Recycling of Magnesium Hydroxide
22.5.2 Thermal Reduction Process
22.5.3 Electrolytic Process
22.5.4 Alternative Routes
22.5.5 Energy Saving and Carbon Footprint of Magnesium Recycling
22.5.6 Waste Generated in Electrolyte and Air Cathode
22.6 Lithium–Air Battery
22.6.1 Recycling of Lithium Hydroxide
22.6.2 Recycling of Lithium Oxide and Lithium Peroxide
22.6.3 Recent Developments in the Recycling of Lithium- Based Battery
22.6.4 Climate Impact of Lithium–Air Battery
22.6.5 Waste Generated in Electrolyte and Air Cathode
22.7 New Approach to Recycling the Air Cathodes
22.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 23 Biowastes for Metal–Sulfur Batteries
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Biowaste Carbon Acts as Sulfur Host in Li–S Batteries
23.2.1 Structural Design
23.2.1.1 Biowaste-Derived Porous Carbon
23.2.1.2 Biowaste Carbon with Regular Morphology Structure
23.2.2 Heteroatom Doping
23.2.3 Composites as Sulfur Host
23.3 Biowaste-Derived Materials Used as Separators for Li–S Batteries
23.3.1 Biowaste-Derived Carbon Film Coated on Separator
23.3.2 Biowaste-Derived Carbon as Free-standing Interlayer
23.4 Biowaste Materials as Binder of Sulfur Cathode for Li–S Batteries
23.5 Biowaste-Derived Carbon for Na–S Batteries
23.6 Conclusions and Outlook
References
Chapter 24 High-Performance Supercapacitors Based on Biowastes for Sustainable Future
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Charge Storage Mechanism in Biowaste-Derived Supercapacitors
24.2.1 Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors
24.2.2 Pseudocapacitors and Hybrid Supercapacitors
24.3 Supercapacitor Based on Biowaste-Derived Carbons
24.3.1 Electrochemical Double Layer-Based Supercapacitors
24.3.1.1 Role of Electrolytes
24.3.2 Hybrid Supercapacitors
24.4 Application of Bio-Derived Carbon in Flexible Devices
24.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 25 Hybrid Biowaste Materials for Supercapacitors
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Classification of Hybrid Biowaste Materials
25.2.1 Conductive Polymers/Biowaste Hybrid
25.2.2 Metal Oxides/Biowaste Hybrid
25.2.3 Heteroatoms-Doped Biowaste Hybrid
25.2.4 Other Biowaste Hybrid Materials
25.3 Advantages and Limitations of Hybrid Biowaste Materials
25.4 Applications of Hybrid Biowaste Materials for Supercapacitors
25.4.1 Conducting Polymers/Biowaste Hybrid as an Electrode for Supercapacitors
25.4.2 Metal Oxides/Biowaste Hybrid as an Electrode for Supercapacitors
25.4.3 Heteroatoms/Biowaste Hybrid as an Electrode Material for Supercapacitors
25.4.4 Other Biowaste Hybrid Materials as an Electrode for Supercapacitors
25.5 Conclusions and Future Outlook
References
Chapter 26 Polymeric Wastes for Supercapacitors
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Carbon-Based Electrode from Polymer Waste for Supercapacitor Applications
26.2.1 Synthetic Methods of Carbon Electrode Materials
26.2.1.1 Activation Method
26.2.1.2 Template Method
26.2.1.3 Hydrothermal Carbonization Method
26.3 Polymeric Waste-Derived Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors
26.3.1 Polyethylene
26.3.2 Polystyrene
26.3.3 Polyethylene Terephthalate
26.3.4 Polymer Waste Based on Fluorine and Chlorine
26.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 27 Carbon Nanostructures Derived from Polymeric Wastes for Supercapacitors
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Market Value
27.3 Classification of Energy Storage Devices
27.4 Types and Recycling Methods of Polymer Wastes
27.5 Polymer Wastes Management for Supercapacitors
27.5.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition
27.5.2 Hydrothermal Carbonization
27.5.3 Pyrolysis
27.5.4 Chemical and Physical Activations
27.6 General Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 28 Supercapacitors Based on Waste Generated in Automobiles
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Automobile Waste – Recycling vs Dumping
28.3 Supercapacitors Derived from Different Automobile Wastes
28.3.1 From Waste Engine Oil (WEO)
28.3.1.1 Hierarchical Porous Carbon Nanosheets (HPCNs)
28.3.1.2 Porous Carbon/ZnS Nanocomposite
28.3.2 From Scrap Waste Tires
28.3.2.1 Activated Carbons
28.3.3 From PM[sub(2.5)] Pollutant
28.3.3.1 TPF-Derived SCs
28.3.3.2 Diesel Vehicle-Derived PM[sub(2.5)] Carbon Nanoparticles (PM-CNPs)
28.4 Conclusive Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 29 Halogenated Polymeric Wastes for Green Functional Carbon Materials
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Brief Introduction to Dehalogenation Strategy
29.3 Dehalogenation for Tunable Compositions in Carbon
29.4 Dehalogenation Strategy for Materials Structuring and Pore Management
29.5 Electrochemical Applications of Dehalogenated Carbon
29.6 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Chapter 30 Waste Mechanical Energy Harvesting from Vehicles by Smart Materials
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Piezoelectric and Triboelectric Effects
30.2.1 Piezoelectric Effect
30.2.2 Triboelectric Effect
30.3 Piezoelectric Applications
30.4 Triboelectric Applications
30.5 Hybrid Applications
30.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
Index
