Energy efficiency touches all parts of the economy and lies at the heart of all plausible strategies for addressing climate change. A fascinating range of new technologies and new business models have emerged in the past few years and are rapidly reshaping the field and driving efficiency improvements -- many of them completely unexpected.This book provides a fresh look at energy efficiency written in a way that can be interesting to experts and serve as an entry point for novices. With chapters written by recognized experts in their fields of expertise, the book provides readers with a clear perspective on the state-of-the art developments of both new technologies and new approaches to system design and operations in buildings, industry, transportation, and urban design. Strategies for electrification and optimization based on data and powerful algorithms are also explored in depth. The discussion includes new mobility systems, smart buildings, reimagined industrial processes, new materials, and smart grid integration.Related Link(s)
Author(s): Henry Kelly
Series: World Scientific Series in Current Energy Issues, 6
Publisher: World Scientific Publishing
Year: 2020
Language: English
Pages: 316
City: Singapore
Contents
Preface
Foreword to the World Scientific Series on Current Energy Issues
References
Chapter 1 Energy Efficiency: An Introduction
1. Introduction
2. Some Basics
3. A Brief History
4. Major Themes
4.1. Systems
4.1.1 Industry
4.2. Digitization
4.3. Electrification
5. Looking Forward
References
Chapter 2 Global Opportunities and Challenges in Energy and Environmental Issues in the Buildings Sector
1. Introduction and Global Energy Use in the Buildings Sector
1.1. Overview of the global buildings sector
2. The US Building Sector
2.1. US commercial sector building characteristics
2.1.1. Size of US commercial buildings
2.1.2. Year constructed for US commercial buildings
2.1.3. Energy consumption in US commercial buildings
2.1.4. Energy intensity in US commercial buildings
2.1.5. Electricity consumption in US commercial buildings
2.2. US residential sector building characteristics
2.2.1. Impact of age and location of household on energy consumption
2.2.2. Household fuel type
3. Building Technologies and Opportunities to Reduce Energy Use
3.1. Windows, skylights, glazings and building facades
3.1.1. New glass and coating technology
3.1.2. Extension of insulating value of low-E coatings
3.1.3. Extension of climate applicability of low-E
3.1.4. Ratings and labels for market clarity and consumer investment
3.1.5. Manufacturing innovation
3.1.6. Smart glass and automated shading
3.1.7. Daylighting solutions
3.1.8. Power generating windows
3.2. Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems
3.2.1. Variable refrigerant flow systems
3.2.2. High energy efficiency rooftop unit
3.2.3. Dedicated outdoor air system
3.2.4. Radiant heating and cooling
3.2.5. Personalized conditioning system
3.2.6. Low global warming potential (GWP) refrigerant
3.2.7. Other technologies
3.3. Lighting
3.3.1. Lighting controls
3.3.2. Light and health
3.4. Miscellaneous electrical loads
3.4.1. What does the MELs category include?
3.4.2. Opportunities for saving energy
3.5. Building performance simulation tools to assist building design and operation
3.5.1. Simulation tools use in building design and operation
3.5.2. Building performance simulation tools
3.6. Opportunities to improve energy efficiency and performance in homes
3.6.1. How to judge energy use — what metrics should we use?
3.6.2. Electrification
3.6.3. New homes
3.6.4. Existing homes
3.6.5. Ventilation: Indoor air quality and energy
3.6. Opportunities to improve energy efficiency and performance in commercial buildings
3.6.1. Building systems: control and analytics
3.6.2. Delivery systems: energy management, operations, and maintenance
3.7. Benchmarking and energy transparency
3.7.1. Benchmarking methods and tools
3.7.2. Market and policy applications
4. China and India: Two Emerging Giants
4.1. Energy efficiency policy
4.2. China’s new phenomenon of fuel switching to improve air quality
4.3. Growth in air conditioning load, affordability and urbanization
5. Critical Needs and the Changing Energy Landscape
5.1. Integration of building loads and the electric grid
5.1.1. Demand response in the US
5.1.2. Demand response automation
5.2. Advanced grid needs and grid interactive buildings
6. Summary and Future Directions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 3 Industrial Energy Efficiency
1. Introduction
1.1 How industry uses energy
2. Process Improvements
2.1. Electrification digitization and control
2.2. Machine drive
2.3. Waste heat
2.4. Process revolutions
2.4.1. Additive manufacturing
2.4.2. Novel approaches to heating, drying and separation
2.4.3. Bio-inspired manufacturing
2.4.4. Carbon capture
3. The Three Largest Consumers of Industrial Energy
3.1. Chemicals (13% of OECD’s carbon dioxide emissions)
3.2. Iron and steel (28% of OECD’s carbon dioxide emissions)
3.3. Cement (27% of OECD’s carbon dioxide emissions)
4. New Materials
5. Recycling
6. Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Next Generation Mobility Systems
1. Introduction
2. The Mobility on Demand Ecosystem
3. What is Mobility as a Service and How Does it Differ from MOD?
4. The MOD Ecosystem
5. Mobility and Delivery Services
5.1. Shared mobility
5.2. Urban goods delivery
6. MOD Business Models
7. Technology as an Enabler: The Role of Data nd Smartphone Apps in MOD
8. MOD and Driverless Vehicles
9. Conclusions
References
Chapter 5 Urban Energy Systems Design: A Research Outline
1. Introduction
2. Energy and Urban Form
3. A System of Systems
4. Context Matters
5. Defining System Boundaries
6. Design as a Transformative Approach
7. Conclusions
References
Chapter 6 Energy and Aviation
1. Introduction
1.1. Industry Strategy
1.2. Federal agency goals
2. Today’s Aviation Fleet Composition
2.1. Today’s world fleet
2.2. Future fleet growth
3. Aircraft Energy Use
3.1. Aircraft fuel efficiency drivers
3.1.1. Aerodynamic performance
3.1.2. Engine performance
3.1.3. Flight deck, avionics and systems
3.1.4. Interiors and payloads
3.2. Aircraft production drivers
3.2.1. Materials
3.2.2. Manufacturing
3.2.3. Aircraft integration
3.3. Aircraft in-service usage: Operational efficiency drivers
3.3.1. Utilizing airplane capability
3.3.2. Procedures and gate to gate efficiency
3.4. Improved efficiency by generating meteorological data from aircraft systems
3.5. Aircraft end of service
3.5.1. Recycling and repurposing of materials
3.5.2. Informing design for environment
4. The Role of US Federal Agencies: Leveraging Public-Private Partnerships
4.1. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
4.1.1. The Environmentally Responsible Aviation Project
4.1.2. Advanced Air Transport Technology Project
4.1.3. Unconventional commercial subsonic aircraft concepts
4.1.4. Turboelectric and hybrid electric aircraft
4.2. Federal Aviation Administration
4.3. Department of Defense
4.4. Environmental Protection Agency
5. Alternate Fuels (Biofuels)
6. Bridging the Gap between Research and Technology Development and Product Insertion
7. Global Aviation Environmental Research and Development
7.1. European Union
7.2. China/Russia
8. Conclusions
Appendix A. NASA Technology Readiness Level Definitions
Appendix B. Advanced Airframe and Propulsion Technologies
References
Chapter 7 Energy Demand Futures by Global Models
1. Introduction
1.1. IAM projections
1.2. Scenario analysis
2. Energy Demand in IAMs
3. Cross-Model Demand Sector Comparison
4. Global Demand Scenarios
4.1. How do IAMs represent energy demand and what do they project?
4.2. How do energy demand sectors in IAMs respond to climate policy?
4.2.1. Energy efficiency
4.2.2. Fuel switching
4.2.3. Demand for energy services
4.3. How do IAMs currently perform in their energydem and representation?
5. Discussion and Steps Ahead
References
Index
About the Editor
About the Contributors
