Energetics Science and Technology: An Integrated Approach

PRELIMS.pdf
Foreword
Editor biography
Adam S Cumming
List of contributors
CH001.pdf
Chapter 1 Introduction: formulation design—an integrated approach
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Designing formulations for applications
1.3 Approach
1.4 Summary
1.5 Methods of approach
1.6 Basic properties and management
1.7 Conclusions
References
CH002.pdf
Chapter 2 From raw ingredients to energetic materials
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Manufacturing of energetic materials: a short overview
2.2.1 Manufacturing logistics
2.2.2 Nitration reaction
2.2.3 Batch process
2.2.4 Continuous process
2.2.5 Flow chemistry
2.3 Classes of energetics
2.3.1 Nitro compounds
2.3.2 Nitroesters
2.3.3 Nitramines
2.3.4 High-nitrogen-content explosives
2.3.5 Polymers in energetics
2.3.6 Primaries
2.4 Replacement of isocyanates
2.5 Replacement of nitrocellulose
2.6 Conclusions
References
CH003.pdf
Chapter 3 Crystal form and morphology
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Polymorphism and phase diagrams
3.2.1 Differences in physical properties of polymorphs
3.2.2 Prediction of crystal structures
3.3 Polymorphism in energetic materials
3.3.1 Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW, CL-20)
3.3.2 2,4-Dinitroanisole
3.3.3 Ammonium nitrate
3.4 Physical particle characteristics
3.4.1 Crystal size and morphology
3.4.2 Crystal quality
3.4.3 Cocrystallization
3.5 Summary
Abbreviations
References
CH004.pdf
Chapter 4 Application of machine learning and artificial intelligence methods to energetics science and technology
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Background
4.3 Machine learning for new energetics
4.4 Energetics applications of natural language processing
4.5 Approaches for ‘small data’: data fusion based on independent vector analysis
4.6 Conclusions
References
CH005.pdf
Chapter 5 The impact of resonance acoustic mixing on the production of solid propellants and explosives
5.1 Background
5.2 Reliability and challenges of RAM mixtures
5.3 Experimental
5.3.1 Raw materials and formulations
5.3.2 Instruments and equipments
5.3.3 Impact test devices
5.3.4 Impact sensitivity and equivalent impact force tests
5.3.5 Safety evaluation
5.4 Results and discussion
5.4.1 Impact force of different formulations
5.4.2 Impact force of sodium sulphate powder
5.4.3 Equivalence of ‘impact sensitivity’ and ‘process impact force’
5.4.4 Safety evaluation of impact
5.5 Prospects and drawbacks of RAM
5.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
CH006.pdf
Chapter 6 Reducing vulnerability and insensitive munitions
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Energetic materials and IMs
6.3 Research priorities
6.4 Areas of active work
6.4.1 Detonics
6.4.2 Testing
6.4.3 Hazard analysis
6.4.4 Ingredients
6.4.5 Formulation
6.4.6 Processing
6.4.7 Components
6.4.8 Performance
6.4.9 Fundamental science
6.4.10 System issues
6.5 Conclusions
References
CH007.pdf
Chapter 7 Ignition and detonation in energetic materials: an introduction
7.1 Energetic materials
7.2 Hot-spot formation
7.3 Detonation
7.4 Deflagration-to-detonation transition
7.5 Process of deflagration-to-detonation transition
7.6 Process of shock-to-detonation transition
7.7 Deflagration-to-detonation studies
7.8 Drop-weight studies
7.9 Second harmonic generation
7.10 Impact ignition
7.11 Small-scale gap test
7.12 The cylinder test
7.13 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
CH008.pdf
Chapter 8 Submillimetre spatially resolved observation of detonation phenomena
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Experimental equipment components and arrangements
8.3 Measurement of steady-state detonation velocity and pressure
8.4 Detonation reaction zone performance tests
8.5 Detonation failure cone test
8.6 Shock-to-detonation transition: wedge test
8.7 Shock-to-detonation transition: flyer plate impact test
8.8 Single crystal reaction observation
8.9 Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
CH009.pdf
Chapter 9 A traditional approach to munition life management
9.1 Principles and life-management phases
9.1.1 Phase 1: design assessment and environmental exposure
9.1.2 Phase 2: life-limiting failure mechanisms
9.1.3 Phase 3: assessment methods
9.1.4 Phase 4: trials
9.1.5 Phase 5: life assessment
9.2 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
CH010.pdf
Chapter 10 Improved systematic life management of munitions
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Systems engineering and its approach to weapons development
10.2.1 Introduction
10.2.2 Systems engineering and the life management of munitions
10.2.3 Systems engineering, failure modes, and risk management
10.2.4 Systems engineering and spiral development of weapons
10.3 Smart through-life management
10.3.1 United Kingdom research
10.3.2 Global research
10.4 Energetic materials analysis
10.4.1 Accelerated ageing and data analysis
10.4.2 Life assessment testing: considerations and advances
10.4.3 Uniaxial, baxial and triaxial mechanical testing
10.4.4 Crack growth failure
10.4.5 Data for constitutive material models
10.4.6 Bond testing
10.4.7 Nondestructive evaluation
10.5 Modelling
10.5.1 Service life prediction modelling
10.5.2 Ab initio or physics-based modelling
10.5.3 Companion assets and trepanning
10.6 Digital threads and twins
10.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Glossary
References
CH011.pdf
Chapter 11 Recursive molecular similarity (R.Mo.S): an innovative algorithm for selecting a subset useful for toxicology prediction
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Data and methods
11.2.1 Data sets
11.2.2 Ames test
11.2.3 Similarity
11.2.4 Smarter algorithm: recursive molecular similarity
11.2.5 Machine learning
11.2.6 Software packages
11.3 Results
11.3.1 For the machine learning methods using DT algorithm
11.3.2 For the machine learning methods using random forest algorithms
11.3.3 For the machine learning methods using the ExtraTrees algorithm
11.3.4 For the machine learning methods using the AdaBoost algorithm
11.4 Discussion
11.5 Conclusion
References
CH012.pdf
Chapter 12 Sustainable energetic materials
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Eco-design
12.3 Tools for eco-design
12.4 Application of life-cycle assessment to energetic materials
12.4.1 Life-cycle assessment of a 40 mm generic ammunition
12.4.2 Eco-design of small-calibre ammunition
12.5 Concluding remarks
References
CH013.pdf
Chapter 13 Sustainable disposal solutions for weapons, ordnance, munitions, and explosives (WOME)
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Design and manufacture
13.2.1 Intelligent design for demilitarisation
13.2.2 Chemical design solutions for future energetics
13.3 Processing and recycling materials
13.3.1 Non-WOME processing and recycling techniques
13.3.2 WOME disposal process
13.3.3 Disassembly, pre-treatment, and extraction
13.3.4 Reuse, recovery, and recycling (R3)
13.3.5 Last-resort destruction
13.4 Sustinable options assesment
13.5 Conclusions
13.5.1 Overarching conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
CH014.pdf
Chapter 14 Small-calibre gun propellants
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Current formulations and processes
14.3 Testing of propellants
14.3.1 Sensitiveness tests
14.3.2 Stability of nitrate-ester-based propellants
14.4 Future axes for gun propellants
14.4.1 New formulations
14.4.2 New charges for gun propellants
14.5 Conclusion and perspectives
References
CH015.pdf
Chapter 15 Recent advances in solid and hybrid rocket propulsion
15.1 Solid rocket propulsion
15.1.1 Introduction
15.1.2 Propellant technology
15.1.3 Combustion of composite solid propellants
15.1.4 Recent advances in solid rocket propulsion
15.2 Hybrid rocket propulsion
15.2.1 Introduction
15.2.2 Combustion process in hybrid rocket motor
15.2.3 Advantages and disadvantages of hybrid rocket motors
15.2.4 High-regression-rate fuels for hybrid rockets
15.2.5 Scalability of hybrid rocket engine
15.2.6 Developments in hybrid rocket motor technology and its status
References
CH016.pdf
Chapter 16 Current trends in liquid and gel rocket propulsion
16.1 Liquid rocket engines
16.1.1 Introduction
16.1.2 Feed system for liquid propellants
16.1.3 Injectors utilized in liquid propulsion systems
16.1.4 Advances toward improved mixing and atomization
16.1.5 Throttling in liquid rocket engines
16.1.6 Developmental trends of liquid propellant rockets
16.1.7 Development of green liquid propellants
16.2 Cryogenic rocket propulsion
16.2.1 Applications
16.2.2 Safety issues
16.2.3 Problems associated with cryogenic propulsion systems
16.2.4 Combustion instabilities in cryogenic rocket engines
16.2.5 Effect of low temperature of hydrogen on cryogenic engines
16.3 Gel propulsion systems
16.3.1 Introduction
16.3.2 Formulation of gel propellants
16.3.3 Performance of heterogeneous propellants
16.3.4 Ignition and combustion of gels and metallized fuels
16.3.5 Rheology and flow characteristics of gelled systems
16.3.6 Spray characteristics and atomization of gels
References
CH017.pdf
Chapter 17 Recent progress in the development of less toxic pyrotechnic smoke compositions for military applications
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Smoke compositions for visual obscuration
17.2.1 Common evaluation criteria and general formulation strategies
17.2.2 Characteristics of existing compositions and methods
17.2.3 Recent formulation developments
17.3 Smoke compositions for signaling
17.3.1 Characteristics of existing compositions
17.3.2 Recent formulation efforts
17.4 Toxicology of smokes
17.4.1 Exposure and inhalation toxicity testing
17.4.2 Screening smokes
17.4.3 Battlefield effects smokes
17.4.4 Colored smoke dyes
17.5 Conclusion
References