Endocrine Pathology

Series Preface
Volume Preface
Editors Biography
Series Editor Biography
Contributors
A
111In-Pentetreotide Scintigraphy
Synonyms
Definition
Principle
Methodology
Quality Aspects
Applications
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
131I-MIBG Scintigraphy
Synonyms
Definition
Principle
Methodology
Quality Aspects
Applications
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
18F-Fluorodopa (18F-FDOPA)
Synonyms
Definition
Principle
Methodology
Quality Aspects
Applications
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Achaete-Scute Homolog 1 (ASH1)
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
References and Further Reading
Acidophil Stem Cell Tumor, Pituitary
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Acromegaly
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
ACTH-Producing Pancreatic Tumor
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Activin
Definition
Features
Application
References and Further Reading
Addison´s Disease
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
References and Further Reading
Adrenal Cyst
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Adrenal Gland
Synonyms
Anatomy
Function
Size and Weight
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Ultrastructure
Immunophenotype and Immunohistochemistry
Table with Important Diseases (Links)
References and Further Reading
Adrenal Heterotopia
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Adrenal Metastases
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Adrenal Myelolipoma
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Adrenalitis
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Adrenocortical Adenoma
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Adrenocortical Carcinoma
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Adrenocortical Hyperplasia
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Pathophysiology
Clinical Significance
Measurement of Plasma ACTH
Measurement of ACTH in Case of Cushing´s Syndrome
Measurement of ACTH in Case of Adrenal Insufficiency
References and Further Reading
Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Anaplastic Carcinoma
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Androgens
Pathophysiology
Site of Production
Androgen Receptor
Functions of the Androgens Hormone
Stimulation of erythropoiesis (Shahidi 1973)
References and Further Reading
Angiosarcoma
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Angiotensin
Definition
Features
Application
References and Further Reading
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
References and Further Reading
Appendiceal Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
ATRX
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Atypical Carcinoid
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Atypical Carcinoid Syndrome
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Autoimmune Thyroid Disease
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
References and Further Reading
Azzopardi Phenomenon
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
B
Basedow Disease
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Bethesda System, Thyroid
Synonyms
Definition
Principle
Methodology
Applications
References and Further Reading
Black Thyroid
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
References and Further Reading
BRAF
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples
References and Further Reading
Bronchial Carcinoid
C
Calcitonin
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
C Cell Hyperplasia and Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
Biomarker
Therapeutic Agent
Table with Examples
References and Further Reading
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP)
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples
References and Further Reading
Calcitonin-Producing Pancreatic Tumor
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples
References and Further Reading
Carcinoid Syndrome
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Carcinoma Showing Thymus-Like Differentiation (CASTLE)
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Carney Complex
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Carney Triad
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Carney-Stratakis Syndrome
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Catecholamines
Definition
Features
Application
References and Further Reading
C-Cell Hyperplasia
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
CD56
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
CDX2
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Chromaffin Cell
Synonyms
Anatomy
Function
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
References and Further Reading
Chromogranin
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Chronic Thyroiditis
Definition
Postpartum Thyroiditis
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
Silent Thyroiditis
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
Focal Lymphocytic Thyroiditis
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Riedel Thyroiditis
Definition
Clinical Features
Treatment and Outcome
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Computed Tomography (CT)
Synonyms
Definition
Principle
Methodology
Quality Aspects
Applications
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Congenital Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Congo Red Stain
Synonyms
Definition
Principle
Methodology
Quality Aspects
Applications
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Corticotroph Tumor
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
References and Further Reading
Cowden Syndrome
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Major Criteria
Minor Criteria
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
CTNNB1 Gene
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples
References and Further Reading
Cushing´s Disease
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Cushing´s Syndrome
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Cyclin D1
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Cytokeratin 19
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Cytokeratin 20
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
D
DAXX
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
De Quervain Thyroiditis
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Status
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Diabetes Insipidus
Definition
Clinical Features
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Diabetes Mellitus
Definition and Epidemiology
Diagnosis and Classification
Main Types of Diabetes Mellitus
Pathogenetic Aspects of Diabetes Mellitus
Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) or Diabetes Mellitus Type 1
Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) or Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
Gestational Diabetes (GD)
Clinical Consequences of Hyperglycemia
Therapy
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Immunophenotype
References and Further Reading
Diazo Reaction
Synonyms
Definition
Principle
Methodology
Preparation of Solution (Grizzle and Bancroft 2008)
Method
Results
Quality Aspects
Applications
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
DICER1 Syndrome
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Diffuse Idiopathic Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia (DIPNECH)
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
DiGeorge Syndrome
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Dopamine
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
References and Further Reading
Duodenal Neuroendocrine Neoplasm
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Alterations
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
E
Empty Sella Syndrome
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Endobronchial Ultrasound-Guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration (EBUS-TBNA)
Synonyms
Definition
Principle
Methodology
Quality Aspects
Applications
References and Further Reading
Endocrine System
Synonyms
Anatomy
Function
Table with Important Diseases (Links)
References and Further Reading
Endorphin
Definition
Features
Application
References and Further Reading
Endoscopic Ultrasound-Fine Needle Aspiration (EUS-FNA)
Synonyms
Definition
Principle
Methodology
Quality Aspects
Applications
References and Further Reading
Enterochromaffin (EC)-Cell
Synonyms
Anatomy
Function
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype and Immunohistochemistry
References and Further Reading
Enterochromaffin-Like (ECL) Cell
Microscopic Anatomy and Ultrastructure
Function
Immunophenotype
Immunohistochemistry
References and Further Reading
Enterochromaffin-Like (ECL)-Cell Dysplasia
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Enterochromaffin-Like (ECL)-Cell Hyperplasia
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Estrogen Receptor
Genomic Actions
``Nongenomic´´ Actions
References and Further Reading
Estrogens
Pathophysiology
Production
Functions of the Estrogen Hormone and Target Tissue
References and Further Reading
F
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
Definition
Clinical Features
Gastrointestinal Manifestations
Colorectum
Extracolonic Cancer
Duodenum
Stomach
Head and Neck Manifestations
Bone Lesions
Dental Abnormalities
Congenital Hypertrophy of Retinal Pigment Epithelium (CHRPE)
Thyroid
Skin and Soft Tissue Manifestations
Epidermal Cyst
Desmoid Fibromatosis
Central Nervous System Manifestations
Manifestations of the Hepatobiliary System
Hepatoblastoma
Pancreatic Carcinoma
Gallbladder and Bile Ducts
Adrenal Tumors
Genetic Diagnosis of Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
Genetic Counseling
Molecular Genetic Testing
Hereditary Disorders to Consider in the Differential Diagnosis
Management of the FAP Patient
References and Further Reading
Familial Endocrine Tumor Syndromes: Introduction
Familial Isolated Pituitary Adenoma (FIPA) Syndrome
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Somatotroph Tumors
Lactotroph Tumors
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Familial Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma (FMTC)
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA)
Synonyms
Definition
Principle
Methodology
Quality Aspects
Applications
References and Further Reading
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
Definition
Technical Aspects
Methodology
Probes
Targets
Quality Aspects
Strategy for Identification of Specific Chromosome Abnormalities
Applications
References and Further Reading
Fluorine-18-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET
Synonyms
Definition
Principle
Methodology
Quality Aspects
Applications
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Follicular Adenoma
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Follicular Carcinoma
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Follistatin
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
References and Further Reading
Functioning Neuroendocrine Neoplasm
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy and Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
G
G Protein
Synonyms
Definition
Features
References and Further Reading
Galectin 3
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Gallium-68-DOTA-NOC/-TOC/TATE PET/CT
Synonyms
Definition
Principle
Methodology
Quality Aspects
Applications
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Gangliocytic Paraganglioma
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
References and Further Reading
Gastric Neuroendocrine Neoplasm
Synonyms
Definition
Incidence
Gastric Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs)
ECL-Cell NETs
Type 1 ECL-Cell NET
Type 2 ECL-Cell NET
Type 3 NET
Type 4 ECL-Cell NET (Provisional Category)
Type 5 ECL-Cell NET (Provisional Category)
Other Gastric NETs
Gastric Neuroendocrine Carcinoma (NEC)
Gastric Mixed Neuroendocrine-Nonneuroendocrine Neoplasm (MiNEN)
References and Further Reading
Gastrin
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Gastrinoma
Definition
Duodenal Gastrinoma
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Pancreatic Gastrinoma
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Gastrin-Releasing Peptide and Bombesin
Definition and Synonyms
Features
Application
References and Further Reading
GATA2
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
G-Cell
Synonyms
Anatomy
Function
Microscopy
Electron Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Table with Important Diseases (Links)
References and Further Reading
General Neuroendocrine Markers
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Ghrelin
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Ghrelin Levels in Physiological Conditions
Ghrelin Levels in Pathological Conditions
Application
Anorexia Nervosa (AN)
Functional Dyspepsia (FD)
Cachexia and Related Disorders
GH Deficiency-Related Disorders
Postgastrectomy and Postesophagectomy
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Gigantism
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Outcome
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Glicentin
Definition
Synonyms
Features
Application
References
Glucagon
Definition
Physiology
Synthesis and Secretion
Regulation of Synthesis and Secretion
Mechanism of Action
Effects
Disorders of Glucagon Secretion and Effects
References and Further Reading
Glucagon Cell Hyperplasia and Neoplasia
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features (Incidence, Age, Sex, Site, Treatment, and Outcome)
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Glucagonoma
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Goblet Cell Carcinoid
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Goiter
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Gonadotroph Tumor
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
References and Further Reading
Gonadotropins
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
References and Further Reading
G-Protein-Coupled Receptor
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Receptor Structures
Ligand Binding Sites and Signal Trasduction
GPCR Dimers
GPCR Regulation
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Graves´ Orbitopathy
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Incidence
Age
Sex
Site
Treatment
Outcome
Pathogenesis
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Diagnosis
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Grimelius´ Silver Stain
Synonyms
Definition
Principle
Methodology
Protocol 1: Grimelius´ Method (Grimelius 1968)
Protocol 2: Grimelius Mod. Staples & Grizzle (Grizzle and Bancroft 2008)
Quality Aspects
Applications
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Growth Hormone (GH)
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Pathophysiology
Clinical Significance
GH Measurement
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
References and Further Reading
H
Hashimoto Thyroiditis
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Status
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
HBME-1
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Hematoxylin-Eosin
Synonyms
Definition
Principle
Methodology
Results
Quality Aspects
Applications
References and Further Reading
Hereditary Paraganglioma-Pheochromocytoma Syndromes
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Hirsutism
Definition
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Histamine Receptors
Definition and Synonyms
Features
Application
References and Further Reading
Hormone
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Hormone Deficiency
Hormone Excess
Hormone Resistance
Table with Examples
References and Further Reading
HRAS
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
References and Further Reading
Hyalinizing Trabecular Tumor (HTT)
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Hyperaldosteronism
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy and Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
References and Further Reading
Hypercalcemia
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Therapy
References and Further Reading
Hypercalciuria
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis and Therapy
References and Further Reading
Hyperparathyroidism
Synonyms
Definition
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
Clinical Features
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
Differential Diagnosis
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
Therapy
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
References and Further Reading
Hyperparathyroidism-Jaw Tumor Syndrome (HP-JT)
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Hyperthyroidism
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Incidence
Age
Sex
Sign and Symptoms
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Hypocalcemia
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Therapy
References and Further Reading
Hypogonadism
Definition
Clinical Features
References and Further Reading
Hypoparathyroidism
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Therapy
References and Further Reading
Hypophysitis
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Hypothalamic-Pituitary System
Definition
Macroscopy
References and Further Reading
Hypothyroidism
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Clinical Manifestations of Congenital Hypothyroidism
Clinical Manifestations of Acquired Hypothyroidism
Differential Diagnosis
Etiologies of Congenital Hypothyroidism
Etiologies of Acquired Hypothyroidism
Therapy
Treatment - Congenital Hypothyroidism
Treatment - Acquired Hypothyroidism
References and Further Reading
I
Ileal Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Imaging Radionuclides
Synonyms
Definition
Principle
Methodology
Quality Aspects
Applications
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Immunohistochemistry
Synonyms
Definition
Principle
Methodology
Quality Aspects
Applications
References and Further Reading
In Situ Hybridization (ISH)
Synonyms
Definition
Principle
Probes
Labeling and Signal Detection
Methodology
Protocol
Solutions
Quality Aspects
Applications
References and Further Reading
Inhibin
Definition
Features
Application
References and Further Reading
Insulin
Definition
Physiology
Synthesis and Secretion
Regulation of Synthesis and Secretion
Mechanism of Action
Effects
Disorders of Insulin Secretion and Effects
References and Further Reading
Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF)
Definition
Synonyms
Features
Application
References and Further Reading
Insulinoma
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Insulinoma-Associated Protein 1 (INSM1)
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Applications
References and Further Reading
Iodine
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Iodine Deficiency
Iodine Excess
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Iperandrogenism
Definition
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Islet 1 (ISL1)
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Islet Amyloid Polypeptide
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Islet of Langerhans
Synonyms
Anatomy
Function
Size, Weight
Microscopy and Immunophenotype
Table with Important Diseases (Links)
References and Further Reading
K
Ki67
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
KRAS
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
L
Lactotroph Tumor
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma, Lung, Endocrine
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
L-Cell
Synonyms
Anatomy
Function
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype and Immunohistochemistry
Table with Important Diseases (Links)
References and Further Reading
Leydig Cell Tumor
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunohistochemistry
Molecular Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Large Cell Calcifying Sertoli Cell Tumor (LCCSCT)
Yolk Sac Tumor
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
References and Further Reading
Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
M
Mammosomatotroph Tumor
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Marfan Syndrome
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
McCune-Albright syndrome
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Menin
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Merkel Cell Carcinoma, Endocrine
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCPyV)
Synonyms
Definition
Epidemiology of MCPyV
MCPyV in Immunocompetent Hosts
MCPyV in Immunocompromised Hosts
Current Therapies for MCPyV-Associated MCC Surgery, Radiation Therapy, and Chemotherapy
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Immunotherapy
MCPyV DNA Vaccine
References and Further Reading
Mixed Neuroendocrine/Nonneuroendocrine Neoplasm
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Motilin
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 (MEN1)
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Readings
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2 (MEN2)
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 4 (MEN4)
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
N
Nelson´s Syndrome
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Nesidioblastosis
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Neuroendocrine Carcinoma (NEC)
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of the Breast
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy and Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Neuroendocrine System
Synonyms
Anatomy
Function
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Immunohistochemistry
Table with Important Diseases (Links)
References and Further Reading
Neuroendocrine Tumor (NET)
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1)
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Neuron-Specific Enolase (NSE)
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
References and Further Reading
Neurotensin
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Nonfunctioning Neuroendocrine Neoplasm
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy and Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Noninvasive Follicular Thyroid Neoplasm with Papillary-Like Nuclear Features (NIFTP)
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Nonsyndromic Familial Thyroid Cancer
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
NRAS
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table
References and Further Reading
Null Cell Tumor
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
O
Oncocytic Adenoma, Thyroid
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Oncocytic Carcinoma, Thyroid
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References
Orthopedia Homeobox Protein (OTP)
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
P
p53
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Pancreatic and Duodenal Homeobox 1 (PDX1)
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
References and Further Reading
Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP)
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Papillary Carcinoma
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Microscopy
Classic (Conventional) Type
Follicular Variant
Papillary Microcarcinoma
Tall Cell Variant
Diffuse Sclerosing Variant
Columnar Cell Variant
Cribriform-Morular Variant
Hobnail Variant
Solid/Trabecular Variant
Warthin-Like Variant
Oncocytic Variant
Immunophenotype
Lineage Immunomarkers
Mutation-Specific Immunohistochemistry
Variant-Specific Immunostain
Others
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Parafibromin
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Paraganglia
Synonyms
Anatomy
Function
Size, Weight
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Immunohistochemistry
Table with Important Diseases (Links)
References and Further Reading
Paraganglioma, Endocrine
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Parathyroid Adenoma
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Parathyroid Carcinoma
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Parathyroid Gland
Synonyms
Anatomy
Function
Size, Weight
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Immunohistochemistry
Table with Important Diseases (Links)
References and Further Reading
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Hyperparathyroidism
Hypoparathyroidism
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia
Recombinant Human PTH
Table with Examples
References and Further Reading
Parathyroid Hormone Receptor
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples
References and Further Reading
Parathyroid Hormone-Related Peptide (PTHrP)
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples
References and Further Reading
Parathyroid Hyperplasia
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Parathyroid Lipoadenoma
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
PAX8 (Paired Box Gene 8)
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Links
References and Further Reading
Peptide YY (PYY)
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Pheochromocytoma
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Phosphohistone 3 (PHH3)
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Pituicytes
Synonyms
Definition
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
References and Further Reading
Pituicytoma
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Pituitary Adenoma
Synonyms
Pituitary Blastoma
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Pituitary Carcinoma
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Pituitary Gangliocytoma
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Pituitary Gland
Definition
Etymology
Cell Types of the Pituitary Gland
Anterior Pituitary: Composed of Five Distinct Types of Endocrine Cells
Intermediate Lobe
Posterior Lobe
References and Further Reading
Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References
Pituitary Transcription Factor 1 (PIT1)
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Plurihormonal Tumor, Pituitary
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Polyglandular Autoimmune Syndrome
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Poorly Differentiated PIT1-Lineage Tumor
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Synonyms
Definition
Principle
Methodology
Quality Aspects
Applications
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Primary Neurocytoma and Neuroblastoma of the Sella
Synonyms
Definition
Literature Search Strategy
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Cell of Origin
Sellar Neurocytoma
Sellar Neuroblastoma
Immunophenotype
Somatostatin Receptors
Cell Proliferation
Molecular Features
DNA Wide Methylation Profile
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Progesterone
Pathophysiology
Production
Functions of the Progestogen Hormone and Target Tissue
References and Further Reading
Progesterone Receptor
Genomic Pathways
Non-genomic Pathways
References and Further Reading
Proinsulin
Definition
Features
Application
References and Further Reading
Prolactin
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
References and Further Reading
Prolactin-Releasing Factor
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
References and Further Reading
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Therapy
References and Further Reading
PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
R
Radioactive Iodine Therapy
Synonyms
Definition
Principle
Methodology
Quality Aspects
Applications
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Rapid On-site Evaluation (ROSE)
Synonyms
Definition
Principle
Methodology
Quality Aspects
Applications
References and Further Reading
Rathke Cleft Cyst
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Rathke Pouch
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
References and Further Reading
Rectal Neuroendocrine Neoplasm
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
RET
Synonyms
Definition
Features
RET Signaling and Its Role in Human Development and Oncogenesis
RET in MEN2 and FMTC
RET in Sporadic Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
RET in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
RET Targeted Therapy
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
RET/PTC Rearrangement
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Retinoblastoma Gene
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
S
Schmidt Syndrome
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Secretin
Definition
Features
Application
References and Further Reading
Serotonin
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
References and Further Reading
Sertoli Cell Tumor, Endocrine
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunohistochemistry
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Adenomatoid Tumor
Sertoli Cell Nodule
Yolk Sac Tumor or Tubular Seminoma
References and Further Reading
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References
Somatostatin
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
References and Further Reading
Somatostatin Receptors
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Somatostatinoma
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Somatotroph Tumor
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Steroidogenic Factor 1 (SF1)
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Succinate Dehydrogenase (SDH)
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Sustentacular Cell
Synonyms
Anatomy
Function
Size, Weight
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Immunohistochemistry
Table with Important Diseases (Links)
References and Further Reading
Synaptophysin
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Syndromic Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Carcinoma
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy and Immunophenotype
Molecular Pathogenesis
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)
DICER1 Syndrome
Cowden Syndrome (CS)
Carney Complex (CNC)
Werner Syndrome (WS)
Pendred Syndrome (PS)
Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
T
Testosterone
Pathophysiology
Production
Testosterone Receptor
Functions of the Estrogen Hormone and Target Tissue
References and Further Reading
Thymic Carcinoids (Typical and Atypical)
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References
Thyroglobulin
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples
References and Further Reading
Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
Definition
Clinical Features
Treatment and Outcome
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Thyroid Agenesis
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Treatment and Outcome
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Molecular Status
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Thyroid Cysts
Definition
Treatment and Outcome
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Thyroid Function Test
Synonyms
Definition
Features and Applications
TSH
Thyroid Hormones
Thyroid Antibodies
Thyroglobulin
Calcitonin
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Thyroid Gland
Anatomy
Function
Size, Weight
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunohistochemistry
Table with Important Diseases (Links)
References and Further Reading
Thyroid Hormone Receptors
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Thyroid Hormones
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Regulation of Thyroid Hormones Production
Thyroid Hormones Synthesis
Thyroid Hormones Transport and Deiodinases Action
Thyroid Hormones Actions
Application
Thyroid Hormone Modifications in Pregnancy
Table with Examples
References and Further Reading
Thyroid Hyperplasia
Synonyms
Definition
Thyroid Transcription Factor 1 (TTF1)
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
References and Further Reading
Thyroperoxidase
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Thyrotroph Tumor
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
References and Further Reading
TP53
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
TPIT
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Tuberous Sclerosis
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Tumorlets, Lung
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References
Tumors of Uncertain Malignant Potential
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Typical Carcinoid
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References
V
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References
Vesicular Monoamine Transporter 1 (VMAT1)
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (Links)
References and Further Reading
Vesicular Monoamine Transporter 2 (VMAT2)
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Application
Table with Examples (links)
References and Further Reading
VIPoma
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
Vitamin D
Synonyms
Definition
Features
Vitamin D Functions
Vitamin D Deficiency Assessment and Pathological Consequences
Vitamin D Deficiency Prevalence
Application
Vitamin D Deficiency Symptoms
Vitamin D Treatment
References and Further Reading
Von Hippel-Lindau Disease
Synonyms
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
References and Further Reading
W
Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome
Definition
Clinical Features
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
References
Z
Zellballen
Synonyms
Introduction
Function
Macroscopy
Microscopy
Immunophenotype
Immunohistochemistry
Table with Important Diseases (Links)
References and Further Reading