Endocrine and Reproductive Physiology (Mosby Physiology Series)

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Endocrine and Reproductive Physiology
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PREFACE
1 - Introduction to the Endocrine System
Chemical Nature of Hormones
Proteins/Peptides
Catecholamines
Steroid Hormones
Thyroid Hormones
Transport of Hormones in the Circulation
Cellular Responses to Hormones
Transmembrane Receptors
Transmembrane Receptors Using G Proteins
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
Receptors Associated with Cytoplasmic Tyrosine Kinases
Receptor Serine/Threonine Kinase Receptors
Membrane Guanylyl Cyclase Receptors
Signaling from Intracellular Receptors
Overview of the Termination Signals
2 - Endocrine Function of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Enteroendocrine Hormone Families and their Receptors
Gastrin and the Regulation of Gastric Function
Overview of Regulation of Gastric Secretion and Motility
Gastrin and the Stimulation of Gastric Function
Enteroendocrine Regulation of the Exocrine Pancreas and Gallbladder
Secretin
Cholecystokinin
Insulinotropic Actions of Gastrointestinal Peptides (Incretin Action)
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide/Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Peptide
Glucagon-like Peptide-1
Enterotropic Actions of Gastrointestinal Hormones
Gastrin
Secretin and Cholecystokinin
Glucagon-like Peptide-1
Glucagon-like Peptide-2
3 - Energy Metabolism
Cell-Specific Metabolism of Primary Fuels
Nutrient Partitioning: The Digestive Phase
Nutrient Partitioning: The Fasting Phase
Insulin
Insulin Structure, Synthesis, and Secretion
Insulin Receptor
Glucagon
Glucagon Structure, Synthesis, and Secretion
Glucagon Receptor
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
Intracellular Sensors and Regulators
Metabolic Homeostasis: the Integrated Outcome of Hormonal and Substrate/Product Regulation of Metabolic Pathways
Energy Metabolism During the Digestive Phase
Utilization of Glucose
Overview of Metabolism of Selected Amino Acids During the Digestive Phase
Overview of Long-Chain Free Fatty Acid Metabolism During the Digestive Phase
Storage of Glucose as Glycogen
Glycolysis
Phosphofructokinase-1.
Pyruvate kinase.
Entry of Pyruvate into the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
De Novo Lipogenesis
NADPH Production Through the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Skeletal Muscle Metabolism During The Digestive Phase
Adipocyte Metabolism During the Digestive Phase
Adipocyte Metabolism During the Fasting Phase
Skeletal Muscle Metabolism During the Fasting Phase
Gluconeogenesis.
Pyruvate Carboxylase.
PEPCK.
Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase.
Switch to Use of FFAs for ATP and Ketogenesis.
Adipose Tissue–Derived Hormones and Adipokines
Appetite Control and Obesity
Body Mass Index
Hypothalamic Neurons and Appetite Control
Long-Term Sequelae of Diabetes Mellitus
4 - Calcium and Phosphate Homeostasis
Calcium and Phosphorus are Important Dietary Elements That Play Many Crucial Roles in Cellular Physiology
Physiologic Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate: Parathyroid Hormone, 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D, and Fgf23
Parathyroid Hormone
Parathyroid Glands
Structure, synthesis, and secretion of parathyroid hormone.
Parathyroid Hormone Receptor
Vitamin D
Structure, Synthesis, and Transport of Active Vitamin D Metabolites
Vitamin D Receptor
Small Intestine, Bone, and Kidney Determine Ca2+ and Pi Levels
Handling of Ca2+ and Pi by the Small Intestine
Handling of Ca2+ and Pi by Bone
Histophysiology of Adult Bone
Handling of Ca2+ and Pi by the Kidneys
Regulation of Ca2+/Pi Metabolism by Immune and Inflammatory Cells
Regulation of Ca2+/Pi Metabolism by Gonadal and Adrenal Steroid Hormones
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
Hypoparathyroidism
Vitamin D Deficiency
Paget Disease
Bone Problems of Renal Failure (Renal Osteodystrophy)
5 - Hypothalamus-Pituitary Complex
Embryology and Anatomy
Neurohypophysis
Synthesis of Antidiuretic Hormone (Vasopressin) and Oxytocin
Regulation of Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion
Relationship Between Osmotic and Volume Stimuli
Other Factors Altering Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion
Regulation of Thirst
Degradation
Oxytocin
Oxytocin and Uterine Motility
Oxytocin and Milk Letdown
Degradation
Pathologic Conditions Involving Oxytocin
Adenohypophysis
Endocrine Axes
Endocrine Function of the Anterior Pituitary
Corticotropes
Thyrotropes
Gonadotropes
Somatotropes
Effects of Growth Hormone on Growth
Insulin-like Growth Factors
Interaction of Role of Growth Hormone, Insulin-like Growth Factor, and Insulin in Different Metabolic States
Pathologic Conditions Involving Growth Hormone
Growth Hormone Deficiency
Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adults
Growth Hormone Excess Before Puberty
Acromegaly
Lactotropes
Growth
6 - The Thyroid Gland
Anatomy and Histology of the Thyroid Gland
Production of Thyroid Hormones
Iodide Balance
Overview of Thyroid Hormone Synthesis
Synthesis of Iodothyronines Within a Thyroglobulin Backbone
Secretion of Thyroid Hormones
Transport and Metabolism of Thyroid Hormones
Regulation of Thyroid Function
Continued
Mechanism of Thyroid Hormone Action
Physiologic Effects of Thyroid Hormone
Cardiovascular Effects
Effects on Basal Metabolic Rate
Respiratory Effects
Skeletal Muscle Function
Effects on the Autonomic Nervous System and Catecholamine Action
Effects on Growth and Maturation
Effects on Bone, Hard Tissues, and Dermis
Effects on the Nervous System
Effects on Reproductive Organs and Endocrine Glands
7 - The Adrenal Gland
Anatomy
Adrenal Medulla
Synthesis of Epinephrine
Mechanism of Action of Catecholamines
Physiologic Actions of Adrenomedullary Catecholamines
Metabolism of Catecholamines
Adrenal Cortex
Transport and Metabolism of Cortisol
Mechanism of Action of Cortisol
Physiologic Actions of Cortisol
Metabolic actions.
Cardiovascular actions.
Antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive actions.
Action on reproductive systems.
Actions on bone.
Actions on connective tissue.
Actions on kidney.
Actions on Muscle
Gastrointestinal actions.
Psychological actions.
Actions of cortisol during fetal development.
Regulation of Cortisol Production
Zona Reticularis
The Zona Reticularis Makes Adrenal Androgens
Metabolism and Fate: DHEAS and DHEA
Physiologic Actions of Adrenal Androgens
Regulation of Zona Reticularis Function
Zona Glomerulosa
The Zona Glomerulosa Makes Aldosterone
Transport and Metabolism of Aldosterone
Mechanism of Aldosterone Action
Actions on Other Epithelia
Actions on Heart Muscle
Regulation of Aldosterone Secretion
Conn Syndrome
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
8 - Life Cycle of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems
General Components of a Reproductive System
Overview of Meiosis
The Female Reproductive System
Sexual Development in Utero
Male Development
Female Development
Physiologic Changes Associated With Puberty
Males
Females
Andropause
9 - The Male Reproductive System
Histophysiology of the Testis
The Intratubular Compartment
Developing Sperm Cells
The Sertoli Cell
The Peritubular Compartment
The Leydig Cell
Peripheral Conversion to Estrogen
Peripheral Conversion to Dihydrotestosterone
Peripheral Testosterone Actions
Mechanism of Androgen Action
Transport and Metabolism of Androgens
Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Testis Axis
Regulation of Leydig Cell Function
Regulation of Sertoli Cell Function
Male Reproductive Tract
10 - The Female Reproductive System
Anatomy and Histology of the Ovary
Growth, Development, and Function of the Ovarian Follicle
The Gamete
Endocrine Function
The Gamete
Endocrine Function
The Gamete
Endocrine Function
The Gamete
Endocrine Function
The Dominant Follicle During the Periovulatory Period
Growth and Structure
The Gamete
Endocrine Function
The Gamete
Endocrine Function
Follicular Atresia
Follicular Development and the Monthly Menstrual Cycle
The Human Menstrual Cycle
Female Reproductive Tract
Hormonal Regulation During the Menstrual Cycle
Hormonal Regulation of the Uterine Endometrium During the Menstrual Cycle
The Proliferative Phase.
The Secretory Phase.
The Menstrual Phase.
Hormonal Regulation of the Myometrium­
Hormonal Regulation of Cervical Mucus During the Menstrual Cycle
Hormonal Regulation During the Menstrual Cycle
Hormonal Regulation During the Menstrual Cycle
Biologic Effects of Estrogen and Progesterone
Transport and Metabolism of Ovarian Steroids
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
11 - Fertilization, Pregnancy, and Lactation
Fertilization
Early Embryogenesis and Implantation
Structure of the Mature Placenta
Endocrine Function of the Placenta
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
Progesterone
Estrogen
Human Placental Lactogen
Other Placental Hormones
Placental Transport
The Fetal Endocrine System
Thyroid Gland
Adrenal Gland
Maternal Physiologic Changes During Pregnancy
Cardiovascular Changes
Respiratory Changes
Renal Changes
Gastrointestinal Changes
Diabetogenicity of Pregnancy
Parturition
Placental Corticotropin–Releasing Hormone and the Fetal Adrenal Axis
Estrogen
Oxytocin
Prostaglandins
Uterine Size
Hormonal Regulation of Mammary Gland Development
Oral Contraceptives
Hormonal Treatment for Emergency Contraception and Abortion
In Vitro Fertilization
A - Answers to Self-Study Problems
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
B - Comprehensive Multiple-Choice Examination
Answers to Comprehensive Multiple-Choice Examination
C - Abbreviations and Symbols