This book provides an interdisciplinary study about the migration of approximately 9 million people who became end of empire migrants in East Asia following the collapse of the Japanese Empire in 1945.
Through the collection of first-hand testimonies and examination of four key themes, the book uncovers how the Japanese government’s repatriation policy intersected with people’s experiences of end of empire migration in East Asia. The first theme, repatriation as historiography and discourse, examines how repatriation has been studied, debated and represented in Japan since the end of the Second World War. The second theme, finding home in the former empire, reveals the diversity of experiences of the peoples of former colonies as the borders ‘shifted under their feet’ through first-hand testimony. The third theme, government policy, explores the changing Japanese government policy from the 1950s to the 1970s. The fourth theme, integration after repatriation, reveals how Japanese former colonial residents integrated into Japanese society following repatriation.
Presenting the collective research of 14 international authors, this book will be of interest for researchers of East Asian history, modern Japanese history, migration studies, postcolonial studies, Japanese studies, Korean studies, post-war international relations and Cold War history.
Author(s): Svetlana Paichadze, Jonathan Bull
Series: Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia, 180
Publisher: Routledge
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 288
City: London
Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of figures
List of tables
Acknowledgements
Notes on transliteration
List of contributors
Introduction
Setting the historical and theoretical context
Government policy, international negotiation and historiography after the collapse of the Japanese empire
Borders, migration and repatriation
Repatriates, people left-behind and finding home
The results and limitations of the study
Notes
Part I: Repatriation in historiography, political discourse and the history of Indigenous Peoples
Chapter 1: Japanese-language historiography about end of empire migration: Revising the extruded history of repatriation and hikiagesha
The ‘long postwar’ and the extruded history of repatriation
Wakatsuki Yasuo’s Record of Postwar Repatriation : Manchuria and the wartime generation
Revising extruded history: Japanese historiography in the 2000s
Recent trends in the Japanese historiography: comparisons and connections with Europe
Conclusion
Notes
Chapter 2: Hikiagesha and other terms for returnees in the minutes of the National Diet of Japan
Data and initial quantitative analysis
Findings from the analysis of the 1947–1959 corpus
Conclusion
Notes
Chapter 3: Travel, forced movement, ‘repatriation’: Multiple mobilities in the history of the indigenous peoples of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands
From travel and trade to forced relocation
Imposed relocations: the first phase
Imposed relocations: the second phase
War and the third wave of forced movement
Reconnections
Notes
Part II: Finding ‘home’ in the former Japanese Empire
Chapter 4: The ‘repatriation’ of Japanese wives from Manchuria to Taiwan: A presence hidden by multiple factors
Introduction: the Japanese wife in the multiethnic Taiwanese society
Previous research: migration to Taiwan after the collapse of the empire and Japanese wives
Research settings
The ‘repatriation’ of Japanese wives from Manchu to Taiwan
Ms A
Ms B
Ms C
Conclusion: the invisibility of the Japanese wives repatriated to Taiwan
Notes
Chapter 5: The social movement for Sakhalin Korean repatriation after the Second World War: The establishment of the Korean Communist Party
Introduction
Korean migration to Southern Sakhalin
Hopes for repatriation and the beginning of a movement
The Korean Communist Party in Sakhalin
The continuation of the repatriation movement
Conclusion
Notes
Chapter 6: The ‘remembered’ Sakhalin Koreans in the South Korean press, 1946–1980
Brief background
Hwatae through newspapers
A sample of information presented to the Korean public
Humanitarian efforts
Conclusion
Notes
Chapter 7: Between loving the country and loving the land: The case of waishengren and hwagyo
Introduction
Bentuhua in the Republic of China
The Waishengren and Bentuhua
The Hwagyo and Bentuhua
Comparison with Hikiagesha
Differences between the Chinese diasporas and the Japanese diaspora
Conclusion
Notes
Part III: Repatriation policy and returning home in the 1950s–1960s
Chapter 8: The boundary formation between ‘ hikiage ’ and ‘ kikoku ’: The case of the ‘ honkoku kikansha ’ from China
Introduction
Legal definitions of ‘ hikiagesha ’ and ‘ kikokusha ’
‘ Hikiage ’ and ‘ kikoku ’ in late-stage group repatriations
The orphans and the establishment of selection principles
The ‘ hikiage ’ and ‘ kikoku ’ of Japanese women married to Chinese men
The creation of the ‘ chūgoku zanryū fujin ’ and the concept of ‘ kikoku ’
The social construction of the chūgoku kikokusha
Conclusion
Notes
Chapter 9: Individual multiethnic repatriation from the Soviet Union
Introduction
The ethnic composition of Karafuto/Sakhalin and postwar repatriation
Repatriation in the 1950s: numbers of returnees and their ethnic background
Repatriation after 1960: numbers of returnees and their ethnic background
Individual repatriation in the 1960s: a view from the Soviet side
Why did repatriation peak in 1965?
Reasons for non-repatriation
Repatriation during the 1960s: a view from the Japanese side and of lives after repatriation
Rejection of collective repatriation
Life of multiethnic returnees after their return to Japan
Conclusion
Notes
Chapter 10: The ‘delayed “repatriation”’ of Japanese women in Korea: The beginning of the return policy in postwar Japan
Introduction
Japanese women in Korea as ‘Former Japanese women with Korean Nationality’
Distinction between repatriation and return: mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion
Delayed ‘repatriation’: the policy of returning home as a ‘part of the end-of-war process’
Delayed ‘repatriation’
Is it ‘part of the end-of-war process’ or a social guarantee for ‘needy Japanese living in Korea’?
The demand for ‘return of the whole family’
From repatriates to returnees: the beginning of Japan’s return policy
MOFA leading the liaison conference of the relevant ministries
The dawn of Japan’s return policy
Pioneering the movement to demand policies to support returnees
Conclusion
Notes
Part IV: Repatriation and integration: life after hikiage
Chapter 11: Industry-induced movements of people and connections among repatriates from the Karafuto coal industry
Introduction
Previous study on repatriates from Karafuto
History of Karafuto and repatriation
Previous studies on repatriates from Karafuto
Methods: analysis of memoirs and interviews
The coal industry and movements of people in Karafuto
History of the coal industry in Karafuto
Koreans in the coal mines in Karafuto
‘Rapid conversion’ during the war
Connections among Karafuto repatriates
The role of coal companies in reintegration
Connections among repatriates
Social conditions in the coal industry during the aftermath of the war
Conclusion
Notes
Chapter 12: The socio-economic reintegration of repatriates: Evidence from Gifu Prefecture
Repatriation and Gifu
Repatriation and reintegration in Gifu: evidence from the 1956 Repatriate survey
Years abroad, family size and loss of life
Poverty and welfare
Occupations
Mobility and housing
Harbin-town
Conclusion
Notes
Chapter 13: An anthropology of nostalgia: Wansei’s postwar life and their Taiwan recognition
Introduction to research questions
Summary of the literature on nostalgia
Summary of the literature on nostalgia among former colonial residents of Manchuria, Korea and Sakhalin
Wansei generation in Taiwan: the background of Wansei
Prewar: the origin of the term ‘Wansei’
Postwar: life after repatriation
The term, ‘Wansei’ in postwar Japan
Review of previous studies on Wansei
Findings from the author’s fieldwork
Wansei and their nostalgia for Taiwan
Temporal dislocation and reluctant nostalgia
Temporal displacement and place nostalgia
Temporal migration and era nostalgia
Temporal normotopia and image nostalgia
Being a wansei : reconstruction of self-identity through nostalgia
Conclusion: current status and future prospects of wansei study
From Wansei to Wansheng
Post-memory: passing on to the next generation
Notes
Chapter 14: Border, Indigenous peoples, self-identification: Contested memory as seen in the social activities of Ainu, Uilta and Nivkh
Introduction
Karafuto Ainu
Status of the Ainu and changing borders after World War Two: to move or stay?
How life in postwar Hokkaido influenced Karafuto Ainu self-identification
Maintaining and shaping ethnic identity
The formation of contested memories and the struggle for Indigenous rights
Uilta and Nivkh
The situation before and during the war
The positioning of the Uilta and Nivkh peoples after World War Two: to move or stay?
Repatriation to Japan: life and activity in Hokkaido
Life and activity on Sakhalin
Conclusion
Notes
Index
