The United Nations estimates that by 2030, more than two-thirds of the total world population will live in urban areas. Most of this increase will take place not in Europe or in the United States but in the megacities and newly emerging urban regions of what used to be called the developing world.Urban studies is an expansive and growing field, covering many disciplines and professional fields, each with its own schedule of conferences, journals, and publication series. These two volumes address the specific theories, key studies, and important figures that have influenced not just the individual discipline but also the field of urban studies more generally. The Encyclopedia of Urban Studies is intended to present an overview of current work in the field and to serve as a guide for further reading in the field. Key FeaturesIncludes important work and traditions from each of the urban disciplines, including urban anthropology, urban economics, urban geography, urban history, urban politics, urban psychology, and urban sociologyAddresses both the growth and expansion of urban areas (urbanization) and the nature and quality of urban life (urbanism)Demonstrates the international and interdisciplinary nature of the field with contributions from scholars in many different countriesConfronts a number of important issues, ranging from individual problems of poverty to societal problems of provision of adequate housing and social exclusionProvides entries on a number of cities, including those in different historical periods and regions of the world and those that have been important in the development of urban studiesKey ThemesDisciplinary Approaches in Urban StudiesUrban Studies-Topical AreasUrban IssuesUrban PlanningUrban TheoryUrban TransportationUrban CulturePlacesCitiesPersonsThe Encyclopedia of Urban Studies serves as an introduction to topics of significance in urban studies for an audience that includes undergraduate students, beginning graduate students of urban studies and the related urban disciplines, a broader public that has an interest in the new urban world, and even established teachers and scholars who are exploring new areas of study.
Author(s): E. (Earl) Ray Hutchison
Year: 2009
Language: English
Pages: 1080
Cover......Page 1
Editorial Board......Page 3
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
List of Entries......Page 8
Reader’s Guide......Page 12
About the Editors......Page 18
Contributors......Page 20
Introduction......Page 26
Acknowledgments......Page 29
The Athenian Acropolis......Page 30
Advocacy Planning and Its Paradigm......Page 31
Critique of Advocacy Planning......Page 32
Advocacy Planning in the United States......Page 34
Affordable Housing......Page 35
Agora......Page 36
The Athenian Agora......Page 37
Religious Buildings and Monuments......Page 38
Airports......Page 39
The Airport as Mass Transportation Hub......Page 40
Alinsky, Saul......Page 42
Allegory of Good Government......Page 44
Content......Page 45
Almshouses......Page 47
Alonso, William......Page 48
Amsterdam, the Netherlands......Page 49
Progressive Policies......Page 51
An Ordinary, Progressive City......Page 52
Early Urban Traditions......Page 53
Patterns of Variation......Page 55
Annexation......Page 57
Apartheid......Page 59
Apartheid Era......Page 60
Arcade......Page 62
The Study of Architecture as Practice......Page 65
The Social Production of Architecture: Power and Form......Page 66
Architecture, Iconicity, and Selling Places......Page 67
Contemporary Asian Cities......Page 70
Athens, Greece......Page 73
Classical Athens, Acropolis, and Agora......Page 74
Neoclassical Athens......Page 76
Interwar Athens......Page 77
Post-Olympic Entrepreneurial Athens......Page 78
Back-to-the-City Movement......Page 80
History of the Banlieue......Page 81
Continuous Need for Housing......Page 82
Borders of Distinction and Exclusion......Page 83
Modern Urban Development......Page 84
Initial Era of Barrio Formation......Page 88
Post-1970s and the Evolution of the Modern Barrio......Page 89
Bazaar......Page 90
The Bazaar as an Economic System......Page 91
The Bazaar as a Space of Convergence......Page 92
The Bazaar as a Metaphor for the Contemporary World......Page 93
Béguines......Page 94
Types and History of Béguine Communities......Page 95
Béguines and Urban Studies......Page 96
Essays on the Urban Experience......Page 97
Paris Writings and the Arcades Project......Page 98
Divided Berlin......Page 99
Postreunification Effects......Page 100
Berry, Brian J. L.......Page 102
Historical Development......Page 104
The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao......Page 105
Contemporary Economic Globalization......Page 107
The Parisian Prototype......Page 108
Bohemia Since the 1960s......Page 109
Epic History......Page 110
Urban Reality......Page 111
Broadacre City......Page 112
Limitations and Relation to Garden Cities and the Neighborhood Unit......Page 113
Bruges, Belgium......Page 115
Buenos Aires, Argentina......Page 117
Urban Development Without Plans......Page 118
Buenos Aires in the Twenty-First Century......Page 119
The Bungalow in India......Page 120
Bungalows, Leisure, and Suburbanization......Page 121
Bunkers......Page 122
Buses as Urban Infrastructure......Page 123
Buses in Urban Studies Research......Page 124
Long History......Page 126
European Conquest, Modernity, Colonialism......Page 127
Postcolonial Metropolis......Page 128
Urban Spaces......Page 129
Global Metropolis......Page 130
City Planning Post-Griffin......Page 131
The National Capital Development Commission......Page 132
Capital City......Page 133
Premodern Capital Cityscapes......Page 134
The Modern Developing Capital City......Page 136
The Changing Role of the Capital City......Page 137
The Nascent Capitalist City: The Urban Space as a Living Laboratory of Capitalism......Page 138
The Mature Capitalist City: Theorizing the Capitalism–Urbanization Nexus......Page 139
The Globalized Capitalist City: Urban Development as a Politics of Scale......Page 140
Caravanserai......Page 141
Castells, Manuel......Page 143
The Encounter Between Structuralist Marxism and Urban Theory......Page 144
Beyond Structuralism: Grassroots Movements and Technology as Agents of Urban and Social Change......Page 145
Conclusion......Page 147
Catastrophe......Page 148
Risk to Cities......Page 149
Resilient Cities......Page 150
Growth and Conflict......Page 151
World War II and the Postwar Period......Page 153
Origins and Founders......Page 155
Research Methods and Topics......Page 156
Critical Opposition......Page 157
Legacy......Page 158
Childe, V. Gordon......Page 159
Chinatowns......Page 160
Location......Page 161
Common Imagery......Page 162
Main Texts and Existing Literature......Page 163
Christopher Wren, Plan of London......Page 164
Nickelodeon......Page 166
Mall Cinema......Page 167
Cinematic Urbanism......Page 168
A Cinematic Epistemology of the City......Page 169
Screenscapes......Page 170
Image Production......Page 171
Citizen Participation......Page 172
Citizenship......Page 173
Sites of Citizenship......Page 174
Figures of Citizenship......Page 175
Substances of Citizenship......Page 176
Silent Film and Its Audience......Page 177
Film and the Early Modern Metropolis......Page 178
Film and the Late Modern Metropolis......Page 179
Cinema and Its Urban Future......Page 180
City Beautiful Movement......Page 181
The Built Legacy of the City Beautiful Movement......Page 182
The Cultural Legacy of the City Beautiful Movement......Page 184
City Club......Page 185
City Map......Page 186
City of Memory......Page 187
The Dialectic of City and Memory......Page 188
More on “City of Memory”......Page 189
City Planning......Page 190
From the Traditional City to the First-Generation Metropolis......Page 192
Metropolitan Businesspersons and Global Cities......Page 193
Definitions and Features......Page 194
History and Geography......Page 195
Theoretical Frameworks......Page 196
Form and Function......Page 197
Continuing Legacies and New Empires......Page 198
Common Interest Development......Page 199
Classical Formulations of Community......Page 200
Community and the City......Page 202
The Revival of Community......Page 203
Community Development in the United States......Page 205
Major Trends......Page 206
Community Garden......Page 207
Community Organizing......Page 208
The Origins and Development of Community Studies......Page 210
Community Studies in the American Tradition......Page 211
Working-Class Communities in Britain......Page 212
The Future of Community Studies......Page 213
Condominium......Page 214
Convention Centers......Page 215
Creative Class......Page 217
History of Scholarship Linking Urbanism and Crime......Page 219
Victimization and Fear of Crime......Page 220
Consequences of Globalization......Page 221
Cultural Heritage......Page 222
Rise of Institutionalized Protection......Page 223
Heritage, Tourism, and Development......Page 224
Inclusiveness, Equity, and Sustainability......Page 225
ICTs and Social Networks......Page 227
ICTs and Neighborhoods......Page 228
Damascus, Syria......Page 232
Davis, Mike......Page 234
de Certeau’s Urban Theory......Page 237
Limitations of de Certeau’s Theory......Page 238
Deindustrialization......Page 239
Before Independence......Page 240
City of Divides......Page 241
The Aesthetics of the City......Page 242
History......Page 243
Market and Sector Specialization......Page 244
Emerging Trends......Page 245
Dickens, Charles......Page 246
Definitions of Disability......Page 247
Barriers in the Disabling City......Page 248
Contesting Urban Space: Disabled People’s Organizations......Page 249
Dance Music......Page 250
Discotheque and Real Estate......Page 251
Disinvestment......Page 252
Displacement......Page 253
Divided Cities......Page 254
Cities Divided by External Causes......Page 255
Cities Divided by Internal Causes......Page 256
Jerusalem......Page 258
Downs, Anthony......Page 259
Reform: 1900–1930......Page 260
Renewal: 1945–1965......Page 261
Revival: 1965–Present......Page 262
Drug Economy......Page 263
Local Markets......Page 264
Ethnicity and Drugs......Page 265
Education, Academic Career, and Research Goals......Page 266
Critical Reactions......Page 267
Contributions to Urban Studies......Page 268
Garreau’s Edge City......Page 270
Edge City Studies......Page 271
Historical Roots......Page 273
Reconceptualizations......Page 275
Impact of Urbanization on the Environment......Page 276
International Environmental Policy......Page 277
Future of Environmental Policy......Page 278
Major Conceptual and Methodological Contributions......Page 279
Significant Areas of Study......Page 283
Interpretations of Ethnic Enclaves......Page 284
Types of Global Ethnic Enclaves......Page 285
Ethnic Entrep......Page 286
Ethnic Resources......Page 287
Opportunity Structure......Page 288
Exclusionary Zoning......Page 289
Exopolis......Page 290
Factorial Ecology......Page 294
Federal Action......Page 295
Mechanisms of Discrimination......Page 296
A Local Denomination for a Global Phenomenon......Page 297
Different Views and Policies Toward Favelas......Page 298
The Consolidation of Favelas Within the City......Page 299
The New Generations of Favelas......Page 300
Characteristics......Page 301
Historical Evolution......Page 302
Florence, Italy......Page 303
History......Page 304
Forum......Page 308
Fourth World......Page 309
Fujita, Masahisa......Page 311
Gans, Herbert......Page 314
History......Page 315
A Continuing Legacy......Page 317
The Global Rise of Gated Communities......Page 318
Implications for the City and Society......Page 320
Gay Space......Page 321
Career......Page 322
Thought......Page 323
Civic Modernism......Page 324
Biographical Background......Page 325
Government and Individual Will......Page 326
Gendered Space......Page 327
Gendered Nature of Public and Private Spaces......Page 328
Non-Western Conceptions of Space......Page 329
Gender Equity Planning......Page 331
Historical Evolution......Page 333
Gentrification......Page 334
Causes of Gentrification......Page 335
Contribution of Gentrification to Displacement......Page 337
Ghetto......Page 338
The Venice Ghetto......Page 339
The Ghetto in the United States......Page 340
Emerging Analytical Perspectives......Page 342
Globalization......Page 345
Gottdiener, Mark......Page 348
Understanding Signification as Culturally Conditioned: Sociosemiotics......Page 349
Bringing the Threads Together: Sociospatial Approach......Page 350
Conclusion......Page 351
Origins of the Term......Page 352
Cross-National Variation......Page 353
Conclusion......Page 354
An Urban “Problem”......Page 355
The Writers Speak......Page 357
Conceptual Background......Page 358
Cross-National Applications......Page 359
Criticism......Page 360
Growth Machine and Global Forces......Page 361
Development of Growth Management......Page 362
Growth Management in Europe......Page 363
Criticism......Page 364
Growth Poles......Page 365
Halfway House......Page 368
Hall, Peter......Page 369
Early Works......Page 370
On Capitalist Cities......Page 371
Response to Postmodernism......Page 372
Improving Lifestyle and Appearance......Page 373
International Impact......Page 374
Hawley, Amos......Page 375
Moving Forward......Page 376
Historical Context......Page 377
Foundations......Page 378
International Exemplars......Page 379
Heritage City......Page 380
Modern Heritage......Page 381
Heterotopia......Page 383
Hip Hop......Page 384
“We on Award Tour!” Hip Hop Across the Globe......Page 385
Hiroshima, Japan......Page 386
What Is a Historic City?......Page 387
Why Have We Created Historic Cities?......Page 389
Historic Cities Are Also Cities......Page 390
Homelessness......Page 391
Homeowners Associations......Page 394
Characteristics of Ownership......Page 395
Related Research......Page 396
Historical Evolution......Page 398
High-Density Vertical City......Page 399
Hotel, Motel......Page 400
Historical Evolution......Page 401
Social and Cultural Roles......Page 403
The Importance of Housing to Community......Page 404
The Integration of Housing Within Existing Sociological Theoretical Frameworks......Page 405
Housing Quality and Residential Satisfaction......Page 406
Differences in Housing Across Cultures and Countries......Page 407
Housing Policy......Page 408
Categorizing Housing Policy......Page 409
Convergence or Divergence......Page 410
Housing Tenure......Page 412
Human Ecology......Page 413
Responding to Critiques......Page 414
The Neo-Orthodox Movement......Page 415
The Phenomenon of Ideal City......Page 418
Ideal Visions in Architecture and Urban Planning......Page 419
Ideal Cities and Real Cities......Page 420
Informational City......Page 421
Creative Class of Knowledge Workers......Page 422
Technology Parks as Essential Knowledge Clusters......Page 423
Intellectuals......Page 424
The Enlightenment Intellectual......Page 425
Nineteenth- and Twentieth- Century Intellectuals......Page 426
Can Intellectual Communities Be Revived or Created?......Page 427
Isard, Walter......Page 428
Islamic City......Page 430
The Islamic City as a Legal Concept......Page 431
The Topos of the Islamic City......Page 433
Istanbul, Turkey......Page 434
Urban Production and Consumption......Page 435
Public Places......Page 437
Urban Houses......Page 438
Jackson, Kenneth T.......Page 440
Writing About Cities......Page 441
Relocation to Toronto......Page 442
Ideas and Influence......Page 443
Commuting Distances......Page 445
Duration of Travel......Page 446
Transport Infrastructure......Page 447
Kampung......Page 448
Colonial Calcutta......Page 449
Modern-Day Kolkata......Page 450
Writing the Urban Experience in Frankfurt and Berlin......Page 451
Writing the Paris Cityscape......Page 452
Writing a Theory of Film......Page 453
British Rule......Page 456
The Contemporary City......Page 457
Land Development......Page 458
Landscape Architecture......Page 459
Urban Social Challenges for Landscape Architecture......Page 460
Landscapes of Power......Page 461
Key Principles......Page 462
Land Trusts......Page 463
Las Vegas, Nevada......Page 464
Historical Background......Page 465
Urban Theory Research......Page 466
Lawn......Page 469
History......Page 470
The Lawn as Sociocultural Landscape......Page 471
The Lawn as Ecology......Page 472
Early Years......Page 473
A Theory of Architecture......Page 474
Masterpieces......Page 475
Critical Concepts......Page 476
Perspectives on Events......Page 478
Historical Development......Page 480
Types of Local Government......Page 481
Democratic Aspects......Page 482
Paradigms in the Study of Local Government......Page 483
Location Theory......Page 484
Loft Living in New York City......Page 486
Shaping the Housing Market......Page 487
Loft Living Spreads Through the Heartland......Page 488
A Global Financial Center......Page 489
An Economy Transformed......Page 490
Conclusion......Page 492
Los Angeles, California......Page 493
Urban Development......Page 494
Politics and Governance......Page 495
Los Angeles’s Urban Renaissance......Page 496
Los Angeles School of Urban Studies......Page 497
The Polycentric City Region......Page 498
Governing the Fragmented Metropolis......Page 499
Postmodern Urbanism as a Way of Life?......Page 500
Biographical Background......Page 501
Intellectual Legacy......Page 502
Lynch, Kevin......Page 503
Image Studies......Page 504
Other Works......Page 505
Biographical Background......Page 507
Industrial Period......Page 510
Contemporary Renewal......Page 511
Manila, Philipp......Page 512
Contemporary Manila......Page 513
Marxism and the City......Page 515
Postwar Marxism and the Capitalist City......Page 517
Medieval Town Design......Page 518
Medieval Urban Design in Modern Urban Discourse......Page 519
Aspects of Urban Design in the Middle Ages......Page 520
The Mediterranean as a Bridge: Cities From Antiquity to the Renaissance......Page 522
Postcolonial and Modern Cities in the Divided Mediterranean......Page 524
A Theory for the Mediterranean City?......Page 525
Megalopolis......Page 527
Forces for Change in Megalopolis, 1950–2000......Page 529
Megalopolis Around the World......Page 530
Metropolis......Page 531
Definitions......Page 533
Other Uses of Metropolitan......Page 534
Metropolitan Governance......Page 535
New Forms of Governance......Page 536
City-Regions as Collective Actors......Page 537
Metropolitan Region......Page 538
Thinking Metropolitan: The Theoretical Debates......Page 539
Thinking Metropolitan: Political Usage......Page 540
Mexico City, Mexico......Page 541
Geography and Environment......Page 542
Urban Planning and Administration......Page 543
Economy......Page 544
Population......Page 545
Moscow Before 1917......Page 546
Socialist Moscow......Page 547
Moscow After Socialism......Page 548
Postsocialist Moscow, Global Moscow, Capitalist Moscow?......Page 549
Early Years......Page 550
New York and the New Deal......Page 551
Postwar Power......Page 552
Declining Years......Page 553
Multicultural Cities......Page 554
The Multicultural Narrative......Page 555
Integration as a Means of Multicultural Urban Production......Page 556
Mumbai (Bombay), India......Page 559
Mumford, Lewis......Page 561
Writings and Advocacy......Page 562
Master Works......Page 563
The Birth of the Civic Museum......Page 565
Postmodern Museums and Museumized Cities......Page 567
Burial Beyond the Pale......Page 570
Burial Within the City......Page 571
Historical Evolution......Page 573
Impetus for Change......Page 574
The Old Regionalism......Page 575
Emergence and Characteristics of a New Regionalism......Page 576
New Urbanism......Page 577
History......Page 578
Organizations......Page 580
Critiques of the New Urbanism......Page 581
Historical Evolution......Page 582
Issues of Race and Real Estate......Page 583
Contemporary Challenges......Page 584
New York City, New York......Page 585
The History of Change......Page 586
The Rage to Pull Down......Page 588
A Global City......Page 589
New York World’s Fair, 1939–1940......Page 590
Nightlife......Page 591
Important Contrasts......Page 592
The Night Economy......Page 593
Contemporary Issues......Page 594
Night Spaces......Page 595
Non-Place Realm......Page 597
Women at a Disadvantage......Page 598
The Implications of Zoning......Page 599
Alternative Strategies......Page 600
Nuclear War......Page 601
Globalization, Urbanization, and the Global City......Page 604
The Global City as Site of Exclusion......Page 605
The Global City as Site of Resistance and Cosmopolitanism......Page 606
In Literature and Life......Page 608
Perfect for Display......Page 609
Historical Background......Page 611
Contemporary Discourses......Page 614
Mapping a Patchwork Urbanism......Page 615
Patchwork Urban Economy......Page 616
Patchwork of Domiciliary Spaces......Page 617
Interpreting a Patchwork Urbanism......Page 618
Photography and the City......Page 619
Photography and the Early Modern City......Page 620
Photography and the City of High Modernism......Page 622
Visual Culture in the Postmodern City......Page 623
Piazza......Page 624
Historical Roots......Page 625
Reinventing the Public......Page 626
How Public Is the Square......Page 627
Placemaking......Page 628
Elite Placemaking Strategies......Page 629
Placemaking in Everyday Life......Page 630
Conscientious Placemaking......Page 631
Planning Theory......Page 632
Rational-Comprehensive Planning and Critiques......Page 633
Alternative Planning Theories......Page 634
Planning Theory and Planning Practice......Page 635
Political Machine......Page 636
Primate City......Page 638
Principles and Characteristics......Page 639
Planning and Participation......Page 640
Public Art......Page 642
Beginnings......Page 643
Issues......Page 645
Practices in the Early Twenty-First Century......Page 646
Public Authorities......Page 648
Public–Private Partnerships......Page 649
Historical Evolution......Page 650
Partnerships Abroad......Page 651
Public Realm......Page 652
Political Public Realm: The State and Civil Society......Page 653
Economic Public Realm: Public Goods, Public Finance, and the Market......Page 654
Social Public Realm: Identity and Social Construction......Page 655
Racialization......Page 658
Insiders and Outsiders......Page 659
The Place of Railroad Stations in the City......Page 660
The Form and Function of Railroad Stations......Page 662
The Embodied Experience of Railroad Stations......Page 664
Theoretical Approaches......Page 665
Agents, Time, and Space......Page 666
Historical Development......Page 667
Contemporary Issues......Page 669
Redlining......Page 671
Power, Governance, and Policy......Page 672
Power Elite, Pluralist, and City Limits Theories......Page 673
Regime Typologies......Page 674
Evolution of Regional Governance......Page 675
Modes of Regional Governance......Page 677
Regional Planning......Page 678
The Regional and Garden City......Page 679
New Regionalism and Metropolitan Governance......Page 680
Conclusion......Page 681
Renaissance City......Page 682
Renaissance World System......Page 683
Brunelleschi and Ghiberti......Page 685
Rent Control......Page 687
Heinrich von Thünen and New Urban Economics......Page 688
Political Economy Perspective Today......Page 689
Resort......Page 690
Revanchist City......Page 694
Right to the City......Page 696
Context and Argument......Page 697
Intellectual Influence......Page 698
Social Struggle and Urban Change......Page 699
Riis, Jacob......Page 700
Creating Light Where There Is Darkness......Page 701
Public and Private Partnerships......Page 702
Ancient Rome......Page 703
Medieval Rome......Page 704
Roma Capitale......Page 705
Rome Today......Page 706
Early Attractions......Page 708
Promoting Santa Fe......Page 709
Cultural Destination......Page 710
Medieval City......Page 711
São Paulo, Brazil......Page 712
From Jesuit School to Modern City......Page 713
Return to Democracy and Economic Restructuring......Page 714
Sassen, Saskia......Page 716
Savannah, Georgia......Page 717
Expansion of the Plan......Page 718
Urban Beautification in the Early 1800s......Page 719
Preservation Movement......Page 720
Sert, Josep Lluís......Page 721
Sewers, Sanitation, and Morals......Page 724
The Sewer as Underworld and Dreamscape......Page 725
Eroticized Space......Page 726
Sexual Minorities......Page 727
Future Directions......Page 728
Historical Geographies of Vice......Page 729
Beyond Prostitution: Regulating Commercial Sex......Page 730
Displacing Vice in the Contemporary City......Page 732
History......Page 733
Urban Life......Page 734
Economy and Industry......Page 735
Shophouse......Page 736
Place, Identity, Sociability......Page 738
Spaces and Forms of Distribution......Page 739
Shopping Center......Page 741
A Taxonomy of Shopping Centers......Page 742
From Shopping Center to Megamall......Page 743
Critique......Page 744
SimCity......Page 745
Early Years......Page 746
Urbanization and Social Interaction......Page 747
Philosophy of Money......Page 748
Simulacra......Page 750
The Colonial City......Page 752
Urban Renewal......Page 753
Understanding the City......Page 754
Situationist City......Page 755
Revolution and Unitary Urbanism......Page 756
Skateboarding......Page 757
Skateparks......Page 758
Anti-Skateboarding Legislation......Page 759
Social Exclusion......Page 760
Poverty and Social Exclusion......Page 761
Uneven Development and Social Exclusion......Page 763
Social Housing......Page 764
Public Housing......Page 765
Other Types of Public Housing......Page 766
Social Movements......Page 767
First Wave of Urban Opposition......Page 769
Fragmentation......Page 770
Space......Page 771
The Role of the State and State Intervention......Page 772
The Role of Real Estate......Page 773
Representations of Space......Page 774
Abstract Space and Agents of Power......Page 775
Material Environment of Social Groups......Page 776
Relational Setting of Social Positions......Page 777
Dialectical Approach to the Society–Space Relation......Page 778
Deconstructing the Society–Space Duality......Page 779
Spectacle......Page 780
The Spectacle, Urbanism, and Revolution......Page 781
Spectacular Politics......Page 782
Soja, Edward W.......Page 783
Gender and Feminism......Page 785
Ethnicity, Religion, and Social Identity......Page 786
Appropriate Use and Deviance......Page 787
Spaces of Flows......Page 788
Global Nodes and Hubs......Page 789
Urban Constellations......Page 790
Sports Stadiums, 1945–1990......Page 791
Sports Stadiums, Post-1990......Page 792
Dense and Dispersed Urban Territory......Page 795
Landscape and the Built Environment......Page 796
Legal and Political Rights......Page 798
Shack/Slum Dwellers International......Page 799
The Cultural Stranger......Page 800
The Biographical Stranger......Page 801
Streetcars......Page 803
Defining Street Children......Page 805
Responses......Page 806
Urban Niches......Page 807
Suburbanization......Page 808
Causes of Suburban Dispersal......Page 809
Consequences of Suburbanization......Page 810
Late-Twentieth-Century Suburbanization and Postsuburban Growth......Page 812
Historical Background......Page 813
Cultural and Social Significance......Page 814
Surveillance......Page 815
History of Urban Surveillance......Page 816
Contemporary Urban Surveillance......Page 817
Sustainable Development......Page 819
Understanding Sustainable Development......Page 820
Implementing Sustainable Development......Page 821
Debating Sustainable Development......Page 822
Envisioning the Future of Sustainable Development......Page 823
Historical Evolution......Page 824
Technoburbs as New Industrial Complexes......Page 825
Conclusion......Page 827
Technopoles......Page 828
Tenement Legislation......Page 830
Tenement House Reform Movement......Page 831
New York City......Page 832
Themed Environments......Page 834
Theming and Branding......Page 835
Theming and Authenticity......Page 836
Tiebout Hypothesis......Page 838
Time Geography......Page 839
Toilets......Page 840
Tokyo, Japan......Page 842
The Economy......Page 843
Innovation and Culture......Page 844
Social and Spatial Organization......Page 845
Politics......Page 846
A Brief History......Page 847
Contemporary Tourism......Page 848
The Future......Page 850
Transit-Oriented Development......Page 851
A Governance Challenge......Page 852
Can Transit-Oriented Development Deliver?......Page 853
Mass Motorization......Page 854
Balanced Transportation: Mega Projects......Page 855
A Focus on Supply and Demand......Page 856
Transportation Planning Process (1950–1976)......Page 857
Fragmented Directions (1976–Present)......Page 858
Financing and Delivery of Transportation Infrastructure......Page 859
Sustainable Transportation......Page 860
Classical Origins: The Political Economy of Capitalist Development......Page 862
Recent Theoretical Advances: Respatializing Critical Social Theory......Page 863
Theoretical Strengths and Implications for Research Methodology......Page 864
Urban......Page 865
Urban Agglomeration......Page 867
Historical Origins and Trajectories......Page 869
The Chicago School and the Human Ecological Perspective......Page 870
Anthropologists in Cities......Page 871
Multisited Ethnographic Research......Page 872
Urban Archaeology......Page 874
Urban Archaeology in the United States......Page 875
London......Page 876
Scales of Urban Climates......Page 877
Physical Basis for Urban Climates......Page 878
Urban Heat Island......Page 879
Intentional Modification of Urban Climates......Page 880
Urban Climates and Large-Scale Climate Change......Page 882
Urban Crisis......Page 883
An Urban Way of Life......Page 885
A Multiplicity of Urban Cultures......Page 886
Conclusion......Page 887
Competition of Urban Design......Page 888
Complexity of Urban Design......Page 890
Biotic and Cultural Aspects......Page 891
Urban Spatial Distribution and Growth......Page 892
Urban Spatial Structure and Social Problems......Page 893
Urban Economics......Page 894
Urban Spatial Structure......Page 895
Local Government......Page 896
Urban Entertainment Destination......Page 897
Emergence of the Urban Entertainment Destination in the 1990s......Page 898
Recent Patterns of Decline and Growth......Page 899
Urban Geography......Page 900
Internal Structure of the City......Page 901
Mapping Behavior......Page 902
Feminist Urban Research......Page 903
Directions in Urban Geography......Page 904
Urban Health......Page 905
Public Health and Urban Health: The Nexus......Page 906
The Natural Environment of Cities......Page 907
Conclusion......Page 908
Urban History......Page 909
Urbanization......Page 910
Urban Biography......Page 911
Thematic Urban History......Page 912
Classic Statements......Page 913
Urbanization......Page 915
Origins of Cities......Page 916
The Megacity......Page 917
Urban League......Page 919
Modern Life and the Industrial City......Page 920
Forms of Association......Page 921
Ecologies of Urban Life......Page 922
Urban Morphology......Page 923
The Heydays of the Urban Novel: 1850–1930......Page 928
Shifts as a Result of Sociogeographic Transformations......Page 929
Shifts in Representational Strategies......Page 930
Urban Planning as Urban Design......Page 932
Systems Analysis and Rational Action......Page 933
Urban Planning as a Political Activity......Page 934
Urban Planning in a Liberal Market Society......Page 935
Urban Policy......Page 936
Urban Policy and the Remaking of Social Policy......Page 937
The Urban in Urban Policy......Page 939
The Contemporary Debate......Page 940
Comparative Perspectives......Page 941
Historical Perspectives......Page 942
Urban Psychology......Page 943
Impact of Growth of Cities on People......Page 944
Theories of Urban Behavior......Page 945
Paradox......Page 946
Urban Semiotics......Page 947
Misreading the City......Page 948
The Trademarked City......Page 949
Rhythm and Sound in the City......Page 950
The City and Social Organization......Page 951
Contemporary Urban Sociology......Page 953
The Form of Urban Space......Page 956
The Production of Urban Space......Page 957
The Meaning of Urban Space......Page 958
Urban Stud......Page 959
Historical Background......Page 964
Urban Hierarchy as a Statistical Distribution......Page 965
Functional Diversity, Specialization, and Economic Cycles......Page 966
Coevolving Cities Through Spatial Interaction......Page 967
Urban Ontology......Page 968
Urban Concepts......Page 969
Agency and Structure in Urban Theory......Page 970
Current Status of Urban Theory......Page 971
Urban Village......Page 972
Utopia......Page 974
Histories of Urban Utopias......Page 975
Beyond the Ends of Utopia: Critical Perspectives......Page 976
Background and Structure......Page 980
Symbolic Landscape......Page 981
Social Divisions......Page 982
Emergence as a Tourist City......Page 983
Veranda......Page 984
Flânerie in Contemporary Urbanism......Page 986
Mobilities, Time, Space, Rhythm......Page 987
Waste......Page 988
Waste at the Margins......Page 989
Waste and Value......Page 990
Waste Regimes......Page 991
Women and the City......Page 992
Housing Policy and the Feminization of Poverty......Page 993
Safety Issues for Women......Page 994
World City......Page 995
World Cities Research......Page 996
Critique and New Directions......Page 997
The Development of the World-Systems Perspective......Page 998
The Critiques......Page 1000
The World-Systems Perspective and Urban Studies......Page 1001
World Trade Center (9/11)......Page 1002
Wren, Sir Christopher......Page 1003
Zoöpolis: Origins, Model, and Theory......Page 1006
Perspectives on Animals and Cities......Page 1007
Index......Page 1010
